Beam Failure Recovery Procedures with Shared Radio Spectrum

ABSTRACT

A method may include determining, by a wireless device, a periodic beam failure detection (BFD) reference signal (RS) is not received due to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The method may include transmitting, in response to the determining, a message for a BFD procedure based on receiving an aperiodic BFD RS quasi collocated with the periodic BFD RS.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/211,340, filed Jun. 16, 2021, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosureare described herein with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate example mobile communication networks inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate a New Radio (NR) user planeand control plane protocol stack.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocollayers of the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR userplane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B respectively illustrate a mapping between logicalchannels, transport channels, and physical channels for the downlink anduplink.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into whichOFDM symbols are grouped.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time andfrequency domain for an NR carrier.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using threeconfigured BWPs for an NR carrier.

FIG. 10A illustrates three carrier aggregation configurations with twocomponent carriers.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may beconfigured into one or more PUCCH groups.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block structure andlocation.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example of CSI-RSs that are mapped in the timeand frequency domains.

FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B respectively illustrate examples of three downlinkand uplink beam management procedures.

FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B, and FIG. 13C respectively illustrate a four-stepcontention-based random access procedure, a two-step contention-freerandom access procedure, and another two-step random access procedure.

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for abandwidth part.

FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCItransmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device in communicationwith a base station.

FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D illustrate example structuresfor uplink and downlink transmission.

FIG. 17 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure asper an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 illustrates periodic reference signal transmissions with listenbefore talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 19 illustrates an association between periodic reference signals(RSs) and aperiodic RSs based on a time window as per an aspect of anexample embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 illustrates an association between periodic reference signals(RSs) and aperiodic RSs as per an aspect of an example embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 21 illustrates an association between periodic reference signals(RSs) and aperiodic RSs based on a frequency range as per an aspect ofan example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22A illustrates a relationship of reference signal receive power(RSRP) values between periodic RS and one or more aperiodic RSs as peran aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22B illustrates a relationship of reference signal receive power(RSRP) values between periodic RS and one or more aperiodic RSs as peran aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 24 illustrates a flowchart of a beam failure detection procedurewith listen before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 illustrates a flowchart of a beam failure recovery procedurewith listen before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 27 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 28 illustrates a flow diagram of a beam failure detection procedurewith listen before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodimentof the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the present disclosure, various embodiments are presented as examplesof how the disclosed techniques may be implemented and/or how thedisclosed techniques may be practiced in environments and scenarios. Itwill be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that variouschanges in form and detail can be made therein without departing fromthe scope. In fact, after reading the description, it will be apparentto one skilled in the relevant art how to implement alternativeembodiments. The present embodiments should not be limited by any of thedescribed exemplary embodiments. The embodiments of the presentdisclosure will be described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. Limitations, features, and/or elements from the disclosedexample embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments withinthe scope of the disclosure. Any figures which highlight thefunctionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only.The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable,such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example,the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionallyused in some embodiments.

Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosedmechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example,in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, acombination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may bebased, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network nodeconfigurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes,traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like.When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments maybe applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement exampleembodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols.

A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wirelessdevices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/ormultiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have somespecific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/orcapability(ies). When this disclosure refers to a base stationcommunicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure mayrefer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. Thisdisclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices ofa given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sectorof the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in thisdisclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and/ora subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which performaccording to disclosed methods, and/or the like. There may be aplurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in acoverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, forexample, those wireless devices or base stations may perform based onolder releases of LTE or 5G technology.

In this disclosure, “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to beinterpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any termthat ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one”and “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to beinterpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” isindicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of oneof a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, beemployed by one or more of the various embodiments. The terms“comprises” and “consists of”, as used herein, enumerate one or morecomponents of the element being described. The term “comprises” isinterchangeable with “includes” and does not exclude unenumeratedcomponents from being included in the element being described. Bycontrast, “consists of” provides a complete enumeration of the one ormore components of the element being described. The term “based on”, asused herein, should be interpreted as “based at least in part on” ratherthan, for example, “based solely on”. The term “and/or” as used hereinrepresents any possible combination of enumerated elements. For example,“A, B, and/or C” may represent A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A,B, and C.

If A and B are sets and every element of A is an element of B, A iscalled a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets andsubsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B={cell1,cell2} are: {cell1}, {cell2}, and {cell1, cell2}. The phrase “based on”(or equally “based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase followingthe term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitablepossibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of thevarious embodiments. The phrase “in response to” (or equally “inresponse at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following thephrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitablepossibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of thevarious embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending atleast to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “dependingon” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities thatmay, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.The phrase “employing/using” (or equally “employing/using at least”) isindicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing/using” is anexample of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or maynot, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.

The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured mayrefer to specific settings in a device that effect the operationalcharacteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational ornon-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware,registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within adevice, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state,to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “acontrol message to cause in a device” may mean that a control messagehas parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics ormay be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state.

In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, orInformation elements: IEs) may comprise one or more information objects,and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. Forexample, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter(IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprisesparameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, andN comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more messagescomprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in theplurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages,but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages.

Many features presented are described as being optional through the useof “may” or the use of parentheses. For the sake of brevity andlegibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each andevery permutation that may be obtained by choosing from the set ofoptional features. The present disclosure is to be interpreted asexplicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, a systemdescribed as having three optional features may be embodied in sevenways, namely with just one of the three possible features, with any twoof the three possible features or with three of the three possiblefeatures.

Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may beimplemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element thatperforms a defined function and has a defined interface to otherelements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented inhardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g.hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, which maybe behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as asoftware routine written in a computer language configured to beexecuted by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic,Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink,Stateflow, GNU Octave, or Lab VIEWMathScript. It may be possible toimplement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete orprogrammable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples ofprogrammable hardware comprise: computers, microcontrollers,microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices(CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmedusing languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs andCPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL)such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog thatconfigure connections between internal hardware modules with lesserfunctionality on a programmable device. The mentioned technologies areoften used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a mobile communication network 100 inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Themobile communication network 100 may be, for example, a public landmobile network (PLMN) run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG.1A, the mobile communication network 100 includes a core network (CN)102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and a wireless device 106.

The CN 102 may provide the wireless device 106 with an interface to oneor more data networks (DNs), such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet),private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interfacefunctionality, the CN 102 may set up end-to-end connections between thewireless device 106 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the wirelessdevice 106, and provide charging functionality.

The RAN 104 may connect the CN 102 to the wireless device 106 throughradio communications over an air interface. As part of the radiocommunications, the RAN 104 may provide scheduling, radio resourcemanagement, and retransmission protocols. The communication directionfrom the RAN 104 to the wireless device 106 over the air interface isknown as the downlink and the communication direction from the wirelessdevice 106 to the RAN 104 over the air interface is known as the uplink.Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions usingfrequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD),and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

The term wireless device may be used throughout this disclosure to referto and encompass any mobile device or fixed (non-mobile) device forwhich wireless communication is needed or usable. For example, awireless device may be a telephone, smart phone, tablet, computer,laptop, sensor, meter, wearable device, Internet of Things (IoT) device,vehicle road side unit (RSU), relay node, automobile, and/or anycombination thereof. The term wireless device encompasses otherterminology, including user equipment (UE), user terminal (UT), accessterminal (AT), mobile station, handset, wireless transmit and receiveunit (WTRU), and/or wireless communication device.

The RAN 104 may include one or more base stations (not shown). The termbase station may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to andencompass a Node B (associated with UMTS and/or 3G standards), anEvolved Node B (eNB, associated with E-UTRA and/or 4G standards), aremote radio head (RRH), a baseband processing unit coupled to one ormore RRHs, a repeater node or relay node used to extend the coveragearea of a donor node, a Next Generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB), aGeneration Node B (gNB, associated with NR and/or 5G standards), anaccess point (AP, associated with, for example, WiFi or any othersuitable wireless communication standard), and/or any combinationthereof. A base station may comprise at least one gNB Central Unit(gNB-CU) and at least one a gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU).

A base station included in the RAN 104 may include one or more sets ofantennas for communicating with the wireless device 106 over the airinterface. For example, one or more of the base stations may includethree sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors).The size of a cell may be determined by a range at which a receiver(e.g., a base station receiver) can successfully receive thetransmissions from a transmitter (e.g., a wireless device transmitter)operating in the cell. Together, the cells of the base stations mayprovide radio coverage to the wireless device 106 over a wide geographicarea to support wireless device mobility.

In addition to three-sector sites, other implementations of basestations are possible. For example, one or more of the base stations inthe RAN 104 may be implemented as a sectored site with more or less thanthree sectors. One or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may beimplemented as an access point, as a baseband processing unit coupled toseveral remote radio heads (RRHs), and/or as a repeater or relay nodeused to extend the coverage area of a donor node. A baseband processingunit coupled to RRHs may be part of a centralized or cloud RANarchitecture, where the baseband processing unit may be eithercentralized in a pool of baseband processing units or virtualized. Arepeater node may amplify and rebroadcast a radio signal received from adonor node. A relay node may perform the same/similar functions as arepeater node but may decode the radio signal received from the donornode to remove noise before amplifying and rebroadcasting the radiosignal.

The RAN 104 may be deployed as a homogenous network of macrocell basestations that have similar antenna patterns and similar high-leveltransmit powers. The RAN 104 may be deployed as a heterogeneous network.In heterogeneous networks, small cell base stations may be used toprovide small coverage areas, for example, coverage areas that overlapwith the comparatively larger coverage areas provided by macrocell basestations. The small coverage areas may be provided in areas with highdata traffic (or so-called “hotspots”) or in areas with weak macrocellcoverage. Examples of small cell base stations include, in order ofdecreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell basestations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations.

The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 toprovide global standardization of specifications for mobilecommunication networks similar to the mobile communication network 100in FIG. 1A. To date, 3GPP has produced specifications for threegenerations of mobile networks: a third generation (3G) network known asUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a fourth generation(4G) network known as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and a fifth generation(5G) network known as 5G System (5GS). Embodiments of the presentdisclosure are described with reference to the RAN of a 3GPP 5G network,referred to as next-generation RAN (NG-RAN). Embodiments may beapplicable to RANs of other mobile communication networks, such as theRAN 104 in FIG. 1A, the RANs of earlier 3G and 4G networks, and those offuture networks yet to be specified (e.g., a 3GPP 6G network). NG-RANimplements 5G radio access technology known as New Radio (NR) and may beprovisioned to implement 4G radio access technology or other radioaccess technologies, including non-3GPP radio access technologies.

FIG. 1B illustrates another example mobile communication network 150 inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Mobilecommunication network 150 may be, for example, a PLMN run by a networkoperator. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, mobile communication network 150includes a 5G core network (5G-CN) 152, an NG-RAN 154, and UEs 156A and156B (collectively UEs 156). These components may be implemented andoperate in the same or similar manner as corresponding componentsdescribed with respect to FIG. 1A.

The 5G-CN 152 provides the UEs 156 with an interface to one or more DNs,such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/orintra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the 5G-CN152 may set up end-to-end connections between the UEs 156 and the one ormore DNs, authenticate the UEs 156, and provide charging functionality.Compared to the CN of a 3GPP 4G network, the basis of the 5G-CN 152 maybe a service-based architecture. This means that the architecture of thenodes making up the 5G-CN 152 may be defined as network functions thatoffer services via interfaces to other network functions. The networkfunctions of the 5G-CN 152 may be implemented in several ways, includingas network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as softwareinstances running on dedicated or shared hardware, or as virtualizedfunctions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

As illustrated in FIG. 1B, the 5G-CN 152 includes an Access and MobilityManagement Function (AMF) 158A and a User Plane Function (UPF) 158B,which are shown as one component AMF/UPF 158 in FIG. 1B for ease ofillustration. The UPF 158B may serve as a gateway between the NG-RAN 154and the one or more DNs. The UPF 158B may perform functions such aspacket routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane policyrule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classification tosupport routing of traffic flows to the one or more DNs, quality ofservice (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., packet filtering,gating, uplink/downlink rate enforcement, and uplink trafficverification), downlink packet buffering, and downlink data notificationtriggering. The UPF 158B may serve as an anchor point forintra-/inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, an externalprotocol (or packet) data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect tothe one or more DNs, and/or a branching point to support a multi-homedPDU session. The UEs 156 may be configured to receive services through aPDU session, which is a logical connection between a UE and a DN.

The AMF 158A may perform functions such as Non-Access Stratum (NAS)signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS)security control, inter-CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPPaccess networks, idle mode UE reachability (e.g., control and executionof paging retransmission), registration area management, intra-systemand inter-system mobility support, access authentication, accessauthorization including checking of roaming rights, mobility managementcontrol (subscription and policies), network slicing support, and/orsession management function (SMF) selection. NAS may refer to thefunctionality operating between a CN and a UE, and AS may refer to thefunctionality operating between the UE and a RAN.

The 5G-CN 152 may include one or more additional network functions thatare not shown in FIG. 1B for the sake of clarity. For example, the 5G-CN152 may include one or more of a Session Management Function (SMF), anNR Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a NetworkExposure Function (NEF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an ApplicationFunction (AF), and/or an Authentication Server Function (AUSF).

The NG-RAN 154 may connect the 5G-CN 152 to the UEs 156 through radiocommunications over the air interface. The NG-RAN 154 may include one ormore gNBs, illustrated as gNB 160A and gNB 160B (collectively gNBs 160)and/or one or more ng-eNBs, illustrated as ng-eNB 162A and ng-eNB 162B(collectively ng-eNBs 162). The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may be moregenerically referred to as base stations. The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the UEs156 over an air interface. For example, one or more of the gNBs 160and/or one or more of the ng-eNBs 162 may include three sets of antennasto respectively control three cells (or sectors). Together, the cells ofthe gNBs 160 and the ng-eNBs 162 may provide radio coverage to the UEs156 over a wide geographic area to support UE mobility.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may beconnected to the 5G-CN 152 by means of an NG interface and to other basestations by an Xn interface. The NG and Xn interfaces may be establishedusing direct physical connections and/or indirect connections over anunderlying transport network, such as an internet protocol (IP)transport network. The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connectedto the UEs 156 by means of a Uu interface. For example, as illustratedin FIG. 1B, gNB 160A may be connected to the UE 156A by means of a Uuinterface. The NG, Xn, and Uu interfaces are associated with a protocolstack. The protocol stacks associated with the interfaces may be used bythe network elements in FIG. 1B to exchange data and signaling messagesand may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The userplane may handle data of interest to a user. The control plane mayhandle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to one or moreAMF/UPF functions of the 5G-CN 152, such as the AMF/UPF 158, by means ofone or more NG interfaces. For example, the gNB 160A may be connected tothe UPF 158B of the AMF/UPF 158 by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U)interface. The NG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteeddelivery) of user plane PDUs between the gNB 160A and the UPF 158B. ThegNB 160A may be connected to the AMF 158A by means of an NG-Controlplane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide, for example, NGinterface management, UE context management, UE mobility management,transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, andconfiguration transfer and/or warning message transmission.

The gNBs 160 may provide NR user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards the UEs 156 over the Uu interface. For example, thegNB 160A may provide NR user plane and control plane protocolterminations toward the UE 156A over a Uu interface associated with afirst protocol stack. The ng-eNBs 162 may provide Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards the UEs 156 over a Uu interface, where E-UTRArefers to the 3GPP 4G radio-access technology. For example, the ng-eNB162B may provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards the UE 156B over a Uu interface associated with asecond protocol stack.

The 5G-CN 152 was described as being configured to handle NR and 4Gradio accesses. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in theart that it may be possible for NR to connect to a 4G core network in amode known as “non-standalone operation.” In non-standalone operation, a4G core network is used to provide (or at least support) control-planefunctionality (e.g., initial access, mobility, and paging). Althoughonly one AMF/UPF 158 is shown in FIG. 1B, one gNB or ng-eNB may beconnected to multiple AMF/UPF nodes to provide redundancy and/or to loadshare across the multiple AMF/UPF nodes.

As discussed, an interface (e.g., Uu, Xn, and NG interfaces) between thenetwork elements in FIG. 1B may be associated with a protocol stack thatthe network elements use to exchange data and signaling messages. Aprotocol stack may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane.The user plane may handle data of interest to a user, and the controlplane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate examples of NR user planeand NR control plane protocol stacks for the Uu interface that liesbetween a UE 210 and a gNB 220. The protocol stacks illustrated in FIG.2A and FIG. 2B may be the same or similar to those used for the Uuinterface between, for example, the UE 156A and the gNB 160A shown inFIG. 1B.

FIG. 2A illustrates a NR user plane protocol stack comprising fivelayers implemented in the UE 210 and the gNB 220. At the bottom of theprotocol stack, physical layers (PHYs) 211 and 221 may provide transportservices to the higher layers of the protocol stack and may correspondto layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The nextfour protocols above PHYs 211 and 221 comprise media access controllayers (MACs) 212 and 222, radio link control layers (RLCs) 213 and 223,packet data convergence protocol layers (PDCPs) 214 and 224, and servicedata application protocol layers (SDAPs) 215 and 225. Together, thesefour protocols may make up layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSImodel.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocollayers of the NR user plane protocol stack. Starting from the top ofFIG. 2A and FIG. 3 , the SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform QoS flowhandling. The UE 210 may receive services through a PDU session, whichmay be a logical connection between the UE 210 and a DN. The PDU sessionmay have one or more QoS flows. A UPF of a CN (e.g., the UPF 158B) maymap IP packets to the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session based onQoS requirements (e.g., in terms of delay, data rate, and/or errorrate). The SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform mapping/de-mapping between theone or more QoS flows and one or more data radio bearers. Themapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers maybe determined by the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220. The SDAP 215 at the UE 210may be informed of the mapping between the QoS flows and the data radiobearers through reflective mapping or control signaling received fromthe gNB 220. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220 maymark the downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI), which may beobserved by the SDAP 215 at the UE 210 to determine themapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers.

The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform header compression/decompression toreduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the airinterface, ciphering/deciphering to prevent unauthorized decoding ofdata transmitted over the air interface, and integrity protection (toensure control messages originate from intended sources. The PDCPs 214and 224 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequencedelivery and reordering of packets, and removal of packets received induplicate due to, for example, an intra-gNB handover. The PDCPs 214 and224 may perform packet duplication to improve the likelihood of thepacket being received and, at the receiver, remove any duplicatepackets. Packet duplication may be useful for services that require highreliability.

Although not shown in FIG. 3 , PDCPs 214 and 224 may performmapping/de-mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels in adual connectivity scenario. Dual connectivity is a technique that allowsa UE to connect to two cells or, more generally, two cell groups: amaster cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG). A split beareris when a single radio bearer, such as one of the radio bearers providedby the PDCPs 214 and 224 as a service to the SDAPs 215 and 225, ishandled by cell groups in dual connectivity. The PDCPs 214 and 224 maymap/de-map the split radio bearer between RLC channels belonging to cellgroups.

The RLCs 213 and 223 may perform segmentation, retransmission throughAutomatic Repeat Request (ARQ), and removal of duplicate data unitsreceived from MACs 212 and 222, respectively. The RLCs 213 and 223 maysupport three transmission modes: transparent mode (TM); unacknowledgedmode (UM); and acknowledged mode (AM). Based on the transmission mode anRLC is operating, the RLC may perform one or more of the notedfunctions. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with nodependency on numerologies and/or Transmission Time Interval (TTI)durations. As shown in FIG. 3 , the RLCs 213 and 223 may provide RLCchannels as a service to PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively.

The MACs 212 and 222 may perform multiplexing/demultiplexing of logicalchannels and/or mapping between logical channels and transport channels.The multiplexing/demultiplexing may include multiplexing/demultiplexingof data units, belonging to the one or more logical channels, into/fromTransport Blocks (TB s) delivered to/from the PHYs 211 and 221. The MAC222 may be configured to perform scheduling, scheduling informationreporting, and priority handling between UEs by means of dynamicscheduling. Scheduling may be performed in the gNB 220 (at the MAC 222)for downlink and uplink. The MACs 212 and 222 may be configured toperform error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)(e.g., one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)),priority handling between logical channels of the UE 210 by means oflogical channel prioritization, and/or padding. The MACs 212 and 222 maysupport one or more numerologies and/or transmission timings. In anexample, mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization maycontrol which numerology and/or transmission timing a logical channelmay use. As shown in FIG. 3 , the MACs 212 and 222 may provide logicalchannels as a service to the RLCs 213 and 223.

The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform mapping of transport channels tophysical channels and digital and analog signal processing functions forsending and receiving information over the air interface. These digitaland analog signal processing functions may include, for example,coding/decoding and modulation/demodulation. The PHYs 211 and 221 mayperform multi-antenna mapping. As shown in FIG. 3 , the PHYs 211 and 221may provide one or more transport channels as a service to the MACs 212and 222.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR userplane protocol stack. FIG. 4A illustrates a downlink data flow of threeIP packets (n, n+1, and m) through the NR user plane protocol stack togenerate two TBs at the gNB 220. An uplink data flow through the NR userplane protocol stack may be similar to the downlink data flow depictedin FIG. 4A.

The downlink data flow of FIG. 4A begins when SDAP 225 receives thethree IP packets from one or more QoS flows and maps the three packetsto radio bearers. In FIG. 4A, the SDAP 225 maps IP packets n and n+1 toa first radio bearer 402 and maps IP packet m to a second radio bearer404. An SDAP header (labeled with an “H” in FIG. 4A) is added to an IPpacket. The data unit from/to a higher protocol layer is referred to asa service data unit (SDU) of the lower protocol layer and the data unitto/from a lower protocol layer is referred to as a protocol data unit(PDU) of the higher protocol layer. As shown in FIG. 4A, the data unitfrom the SDAP 225 is an SDU of lower protocol layer PDCP 224 and is aPDU of the SDAP 225.

The remaining protocol layers in FIG. 4A may perform their associatedfunctionality (e.g., with respect to FIG. 3 ), add correspondingheaders, and forward their respective outputs to the next lower layer.For example, the PDCP 224 may perform IP-header compression andciphering and forward its output to the RLC 223. The RLC 223 mayoptionally perform segmentation (e.g., as shown for IP packet m in FIG.4A) and forward its output to the MAC 222. The MAC 222 may multiplex anumber of RLC PDUs and may attach a MAC subheader to an RLC PDU to forma transport block. In NR, the MAC subheaders may be distributed acrossthe MAC PDU, as illustrated in FIG. 4A. In LTE, the MAC subheaders maybe entirely located at the beginning of the MAC PDU. The NR MAC PDUstructure may reduce processing time and associated latency because theMAC PDU subheaders may be computed before the full MAC PDU is assembled.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.The MAC subheader includes: an SDU length field for indicating thelength (e.g., in bytes) of the MAC SDU to which the MAC subheadercorresponds; a logical channel identifier (LCID) field for identifyingthe logical channel from which the MAC SDU originated to aid in thedemultiplexing process; a flag (F) for indicating the size of the SDUlength field; and a reserved bit (R) field for future use.

FIG. 4B further illustrates MAC control elements (CEs) inserted into theMAC PDU by a MAC, such as MAC 223 or MAC 222. For example, FIG. 4Billustrates two MAC CEs inserted into the MAC PDU. MAC CEs may beinserted at the beginning of a MAC PDU for downlink transmissions (asshown in FIG. 4B) and at the end of a MAC PDU for uplink transmissions.MAC CEs may be used for in-band control signaling. Example MAC CEsinclude: scheduling-related MAC CEs, such as buffer status reports andpower headroom reports; activation/deactivation MAC CEs, such as thosefor activation/deactivation of PDCP duplication detection, channel stateinformation (CSI) reporting, sounding reference signal (SRS)transmission, and prior configured components; discontinuous reception(DRX) related MAC CEs; timing advance MAC CEs; and random access relatedMAC CEs. A MAC CE may be preceded by a MAC subheader with a similarformat as described for MAC SDUs and may be identified with a reservedvalue in the LCID field that indicates the type of control informationincluded in the MAC CE.

Before describing the NR control plane protocol stack, logical channels,transport channels, and physical channels are first described as well asa mapping between the channel types. One or more of the channels may beused to carry out functions associated with the NR control planeprotocol stack described later below.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate, for downlink and uplink respectively, amapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physicalchannels. Information is passed through channels between the RLC, theMAC, and the PHY of the NR protocol stack. A logical channel may be usedbetween the RLC and the MAC and may be classified as a control channelthat carries control and configuration information in the NR controlplane or as a traffic channel that carries data in the NR user plane. Alogical channel may be classified as a dedicated logical channel that isdedicated to a specific UE or as a common logical channel that may beused by more than one UE. A logical channel may also be defined by thetype of information it carries. The set of logical channels defined byNR include, for example:

-   -   a paging control channel (PCCH) for carrying paging messages        used to page a UE whose location is not known to the network on        a cell level;    -   a broadcast control channel (BCCH) for carrying system        information messages in the form of a master information block        (MIB) and several system information blocks (SIBs), wherein the        system information messages may be used by the UEs to obtain        information about how a cell is configured and how to operate        within the cell;    -   a common control channel (CCCH) for carrying control messages        together with random access;    -   a dedicated control channel (DCCH) for carrying control messages        to/from a specific the UE to configure the UE; and    -   a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) for carrying user data        to/from a specific the UE.

Transport channels are used between the MAC and PHY layers and may bedefined by how the information they carry is transmitted over the airinterface. The set of transport channels defined by NR include, forexample:

-   -   a paging channel (PCH) for carrying paging messages that        originated from the PCCH;    -   a broadcast channel (BCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCCH;    -   a downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) for carrying downlink data        and signaling messages, including the SIBs from the BCCH;    -   an uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) for carrying uplink data and        signaling messages; and    -   a random access channel (RACH) for allowing a UE to contact the        network without any prior scheduling.

The PHY may use physical channels to pass information between processinglevels of the PHY. A physical channel may have an associated set oftime-frequency resources for carrying the information of one or moretransport channels. The PHY may generate control information to supportthe low-level operation of the PHY and provide the control informationto the lower levels of the PHY via physical control channels, known asL1/L2 control channels. The set of physical channels and physicalcontrol channels defined by NR include, for example:

-   -   a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) for carrying the MIB from        the BCH;    -   a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for carrying downlink        data and signaling messages from the DL-SCH, as well as paging        messages from the PCH;    -   a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for carrying        downlink control information (DCI), which may include downlink        scheduling commands, uplink scheduling grants, and uplink power        control commands;    -   a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for carrying uplink        data and signaling messages from the UL-SCH and in some        instances uplink control information (UCI) as described below;    -   a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) for carrying UCI,        which may include HARQ acknowledgments, channel quality        indicators (CQI), pre-coding matrix indicators (PMI), rank        indicators (RI), and scheduling requests (SR); and    -   a physical random access channel (PRACH) for random access.

Similar to the physical control channels, the physical layer generatesphysical signals to support the low-level operation of the physicallayer. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the physical layer signalsdefined by NR include: primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondarysynchronization signals (SSS), channel state information referencesignals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), soundingreference signals (SRS), and phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS).These physical layer signals will be described in greater detail below.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example NR control plane protocol stack. As shownin FIG. 2B, the NR control plane protocol stack may use the same/similarfirst four protocol layers as the example NR user plane protocol stack.These four protocol layers include the PHYs 211 and 221, the MACs 212and 222, the RLCs 213 and 223, and the PDCPs 214 and 224. Instead ofhaving the SDAPs 215 and 225 at the top of the stack as in the NR userplane protocol stack, the NR control plane stack has radio resourcecontrols (RRCs) 216 and 226 and NAS protocols 217 and 237 at the top ofthe NR control plane protocol stack.

The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionalitybetween the UE 210 and the AMF 230 (e.g., the AMF 158A) or, moregenerally, between the UE 210 and the CN. The NAS protocols 217 and 237may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF230 via signaling messages, referred to as NAS messages. There is nodirect path between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 through which the NASmessages can be transported. The NAS messages may be transported usingthe AS of the Uu and NG interfaces. NAS protocols 217 and 237 mayprovide control plane functionality such as authentication, security,connection setup, mobility management, and session management.

The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between theUE 210 and the gNB 220 or, more generally, between the UE 210 and theRAN. The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionalitybetween the UE 210 and the gNB 220 via signaling messages, referred toas RRC messages. RRC messages may be transmitted between the UE 210 andthe RAN using signaling radio bearers and the same/similar PDCP, RLC,MAC, and PHY protocol layers. The MAC may multiplex control-plane anduser-plane data into the same transport block (TB). The RRCs 216 and 226may provide control plane functionality such as: broadcast of systeminformation related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by the CN or theRAN; establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection betweenthe UE 210 and the RAN; security functions including key management;establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of signaling radiobearers and data radio bearers; mobility functions; QoS managementfunctions; the UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting;detection of and recovery from radio link failure (RLF); and/or NASmessage transfer. As part of establishing an RRC connection, RRCs 216and 226 may establish an RRC context, which may involve configuringparameters for communication between the UE 210 and the RAN.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE. TheUE may be the same or similar to the wireless device 106 depicted inFIG. 1A, the UE 210 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any otherwireless device described in the present disclosure. As illustrated inFIG. 6 , a UE may be in at least one of three RRC states: RRC connected602 (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), RRC idle 604 (e.g., RRC_IDLE), and RRCinactive 606 (e.g., RRC_INACTIVE).

In RRC connected 602, the UE has an established RRC context and may haveat least one RRC connection with a base station. The base station may besimilar to one of the one or more base stations included in the RAN 104depicted in FIG. 1A, one of the gNBs 160 or ng-eNBs 162 depicted in FIG.1B, the gNB 220 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other basestation described in the present disclosure. The base station with whichthe UE is connected may have the RRC context for the UE. The RRCcontext, referred to as the UE context, may comprise parameters forcommunication between the UE and the base station. These parameters mayinclude, for example: one or more AS contexts; one or more radio linkconfiguration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g.,relating to a data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer, logicalchannel, QoS flow, and/or PDU session); security information; and/orPHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and/or SDAP layer configuration information. Whilein RRC connected 602, mobility of the UE may be managed by the RAN(e.g., the RAN 104 or the NG-RAN 154). The UE may measure the signallevels (e.g., reference signal levels) from a serving cell andneighboring cells and report these measurements to the base stationcurrently serving the UE. The UE's serving base station may request ahandover to a cell of one of the neighboring base stations based on thereported measurements. The RRC state may transition from RRC connected602 to RRC idle 604 through a connection release procedure 608 or to RRCinactive 606 through a connection inactivation procedure 610.

In RRC idle 604, an RRC context may not be established for the UE. InRRC idle 604, the UE may not have an RRC connection with the basestation. While in RRC idle 604, the UE may be in a sleep state for themajority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The UE may wakeup periodically (e.g., once in every discontinuous reception cycle) tomonitor for paging messages from the RAN. Mobility of the UE may bemanaged by the UE through a procedure known as cell reselection. The RRCstate may transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602 through aconnection establishment procedure 612, which may involve a randomaccess procedure as discussed in greater detail below.

In RRC inactive 606, the RRC context previously established ismaintained in the UE and the base station. This allows for a fasttransition to RRC connected 602 with reduced signaling overhead ascompared to the transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602. Whilein RRC inactive 606, the UE may be in a sleep state and mobility of theUE may be managed by the UE through cell reselection. The RRC state maytransition from RRC inactive 606 to RRC connected 602 through aconnection resume procedure 614 or to RRC idle 604 though a connectionrelease procedure 616 that may be the same as or similar to connectionrelease procedure 608.

An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. InRRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606, mobility is managed by the UE throughcell reselection. The purpose of mobility management in RRC idle 604 andRRC inactive 606 is to allow the network to be able to notify the UE ofan event via a paging message without having to broadcast the pagingmessage over the entire mobile communications network. The mobilitymanagement mechanism used in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 may allowthe network to track the UE on a cell-group level so that the pagingmessage may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the UEcurrently resides within instead of the entire mobile communicationnetwork. The mobility management mechanisms for RRC idle 604 and RRCinactive 606 track the UE on a cell-group level. They may do so usingdifferent granularities of grouping. For example, there may be threelevels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within aRAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within agroup of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by atracking area identifier (TAI).

Tracking areas may be used to track the UE at the CN level. The CN(e.g., the CN 102 or the 5G-CN 152) may provide the UE with a list ofTAIs associated with a UE registration area. If the UE moves, throughcell reselection, to a cell associated with a TAI not included in thelist of TAIs associated with the UE registration area, the UE mayperform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update theUE's location and provide the UE with a new the UE registration area.

RAN areas may be used to track the UE at the RAN level. For a UE in RRCinactive 606 state, the UE may be assigned a RAN notification area. ARAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities, a listof RAIs, or a list of TAIs. In an example, a base station may belong toone or more RAN notification areas. In an example, a cell may belong toone or more RAN notification areas. If the UE moves, through cellreselection, to a cell not included in the RAN notification areaassigned to the UE, the UE may perform a notification area update withthe RAN to update the UE's RAN notification area.

A base station storing an RRC context for a UE or a last serving basestation of the UE may be referred to as an anchor base station. Ananchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the UE at leastduring a period of time that the UE stays in a RAN notification area ofthe anchor base station and/or during a period of time that the UE staysin RRC inactive 606.

A gNB, such as gNBs 160 in FIG. 1B, may be split in two parts: a centralunit (gNB-CU), and one or more distributed units (gNB-DU). A gNB-CU maybe coupled to one or more gNB-DUs using an Fl interface. The gNB-CU maycomprise the RRC, the PDCP, and the SDAP. A gNB-DU may comprise the RLC,the MAC, and the PHY.

In NR, the physical signals and physical channels (discussed withrespect to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) may be mapped onto orthogonal frequencydivisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. OFDM is a multicarriercommunication scheme that transmits data over F orthogonal subcarriers(or tones). Before transmission, the data may be mapped to a series ofcomplex symbols (e.g., M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) orM-phase shift keying (M-PSK) symbols), referred to as source symbols,and divided into F parallel symbol streams. The F parallel symbolstreams may be treated as though they are in the frequency domain andused as inputs to an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block thattransforms them into the time domain. The IFFT block may take in Fsource symbols at a time, one from each of the F parallel symbolstreams, and use each source symbol to modulate the amplitude and phaseof one of F sinusoidal basis functions that correspond to the Forthogonal subcarriers. The output of the IFFT block may be Ftime-domain samples that represent the summation of the F orthogonalsubcarriers. The F time-domain samples may form a single OFDM symbol.After some processing (e.g., addition of a cyclic prefix) andup-conversion, an OFDM symbol provided by the IFFT block may betransmitted over the air interface on a carrier frequency. The Fparallel symbol streams may be mixed using an FFT block before beingprocessed by the IFFT block. This operation produces Discrete FourierTransform (DFT)-precoded OFDM symbols and may be used by UEs in theuplink to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Inverseprocessing may be performed on the OFDM symbol at a receiver using anFFT block to recover the data mapped to the source symbols.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into whichOFDM symbols are grouped. An NR frame may be identified by a systemframe number (SFN). The SFN may repeat with a period of 1024 frames. Asillustrated, one NR frame may be 10 milliseconds (ms) in duration andmay include 10 subframes that are 1 ms in duration. A subframe may bedivided into slots that include, for example, 14 OFDM symbols per slot.

The duration of a slot may depend on the numerology used for the OFDMsymbols of the slot. In NR, a flexible numerology is supported toaccommodate different cell deployments (e.g., cells with carrierfrequencies below 1 GHz up to cells with carrier frequencies in themm-wave range). A numerology may be defined in terms of subcarrierspacing and cyclic prefix duration. For a numerology in NR, subcarrierspacings may be scaled up by powers of two from a baseline subcarrierspacing of 15 kHz, and cyclic prefix durations may be scaled down bypowers of two from a baseline cyclic prefix duration of 4.7 μs. Forexample, NR defines numerologies with the following subcarrierspacing/cyclic prefix duration combinations: 15 kHz/4.7 μs; 30 kHz/2.3μs; 60 kHz/1.2 μs; 120 kHz/0.59 μs; and 240 kHz/0.29 μs.

A slot may have a fixed number of OFDM symbols (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols).A numerology with a higher subcarrier spacing has a shorter slotduration and, correspondingly, more slots per subframe. FIG. 7illustrates this numerology-dependent slot duration andslots-per-subframe transmission structure (the numerology with asubcarrier spacing of 240 kHz is not shown in FIG. 7 for ease ofillustration). A subframe in NR may be used as a numerology-independenttime reference, while a slot may be used as the unit upon which uplinkand downlink transmissions are scheduled. To support low latency,scheduling in NR may be decoupled from the slot duration and start atany OFDM symbol and last for as many symbols as needed for atransmission. These partial slot transmissions may be referred to asmini-slot or subslot transmissions.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time andfrequency domain for an NR carrier. The slot includes resource elements(REs) and resource blocks (RBs). An RE is the smallest physical resourcein NR. An RE spans one OFDM symbol in the time domain by one subcarrierin the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8 . An RB spans twelveconsecutive REs in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8 . An NRcarrier may be limited to a width of 275 RBs or 275×12=3300 subcarriers.Such a limitation, if used, may limit the NR carrier to 50, 100, 200,and 400 MHz for subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz,respectively, where the 400 MHz bandwidth may be set based on a 400 MHzper carrier bandwidth limit.

FIG. 8 illustrates a single numerology being used across the entirebandwidth of the NR carrier. In other example configurations, multiplenumerologies may be supported on the same carrier.

NR may support wide carrier bandwidths (e.g., up to 400 MHz for asubcarrier spacing of 120 kHz). Not all UEs may be able to receive thefull carrier bandwidth (e.g., due to hardware limitations). Also,receiving the full carrier bandwidth may be prohibitive in terms of UEpower consumption. In an example, to reduce power consumption and/or forother purposes, a UE may adapt the size of the UE's receive bandwidthbased on the amount of traffic the UE is scheduled to receive. This isreferred to as bandwidth adaptation.

NR defines bandwidth parts (BWPs) to support UEs not capable ofreceiving the full carrier bandwidth and to support bandwidthadaptation. In an example, a BWP may be defined by a subset ofcontiguous RBs on a carrier. A UE may be configured (e.g., via RRClayer) with one or more downlink BWPs and one or more uplink BWPs perserving cell (e.g., up to four downlink BWPs and up to four uplink BWPsper serving cell). At a given time, one or more of the configured BWPsfor a serving cell may be active. These one or more BWPs may be referredto as active BWPs of the serving cell. When a serving cell is configuredwith a secondary uplink carrier, the serving cell may have one or morefirst active BWPs in the uplink carrier and one or more second activeBWPs in the secondary uplink carrier.

For unpaired spectra, a downlink BWP from a set of configured downlinkBWPs may be linked with an uplink BWP from a set of configured uplinkBWPs if a downlink BWP index of the downlink BWP and an uplink BWP indexof the uplink BWP are the same. For unpaired spectra, a UE may expectthat a center frequency for a downlink BWP is the same as a centerfrequency for an uplink BWP.

For a downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs on a primarycell (PCell), a base station may configure a UE with one or more controlresource sets (CORESETs) for at least one search space. A search spaceis a set of locations in the time and frequency domains where the UE mayfind control information. The search space may be a UE-specific searchspace or a common search space (potentially usable by a plurality ofUEs). For example, a base station may configure a UE with a commonsearch space, on a PCell or on a primary secondary cell (PSCell), in anactive downlink BWP.

For an uplink BWP in a set of configured uplink BWPs, a BS may configurea UE with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions.A UE may receive downlink receptions (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) in adownlink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrierspacing and cyclic prefix duration) for the downlink BWP. The UE maytransmit uplink transmissions (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) in an uplink BWPaccording to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing andcyclic prefix length for the uplink BWP).

One or more BWP indicator fields may be provided in Downlink ControlInformation (DCI). A value of a BWP indicator field may indicate whichBWP in a set of configured BWPs is an active downlink BWP for one ormore downlink receptions. The value of the one or more BWP indicatorfields may indicate an active uplink BWP for one or more uplinktransmissions.

A base station may semi-statically configure a UE with a defaultdownlink BWP within a set of configured downlink BWPs associated with aPCell. If the base station does not provide the default downlink BWP tothe UE, the default downlink BWP may be an initial active downlink BWP.The UE may determine which BWP is the initial active downlink BWP basedon a CORESET configuration obtained using the PBCH.

A base station may configure a UE with a BWP inactivity timer value fora PCell. The UE may start or restart a BWP inactivity timer at anyappropriate time. For example, the UE may start or restart the BWPinactivity timer (a) when the UE detects a DCI indicating an activedownlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for a paired spectraoperation; or (b) when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlinkBWP or active uplink BWP other than a default downlink BWP or uplink BWPfor an unpaired spectra operation. If the UE does not detect DCI duringan interval of time (e.g., 1 ms or 0.5 ms), the UE may run the BWPinactivity timer toward expiration (for example, increment from zero tothe BWP inactivity timer value, or decrement from the BWP inactivitytimer value to zero). When the BWP inactivity timer expires, the UE mayswitch from the active downlink BWP to the default downlink BWP.

In an example, a base station may semi-statically configure a UE withone or more BWPs. A UE may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to asecond BWP in response to receiving a DCI indicating the second BWP asan active BWP and/or in response to an expiry of the BWP inactivitytimer (e.g., if the second BWP is the default BWP).

Downlink and uplink BWP switching (where BWP switching refers toswitching from a currently active BWP to a not currently active BWP) maybe performed independently in paired spectra. In unpaired spectra,downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed simultaneously.Switching between configured BWPs may occur based on RRC signaling, DCI,expiration of a BWP inactivity timer, and/or an initiation of randomaccess.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using threeconfigured BWPs for an NR carrier. A UE configured with the three BWPsmay switch from one BWP to another BWP at a switching point. In theexample illustrated in FIG. 9 , the BWPs include: a BWP 902 with abandwidth of 40 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; a BWP 904 with abandwidth of 10 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; and a BWP 906with a bandwidth of 20 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. The BWP902 may be an initial active BWP, and the BWP 904 may be a default BWP.The UE may switch between BWPs at switching points. In the example ofFIG. 9 , the UE may switch from the BWP 902 to the BWP 904 at aswitching point 908. The switching at the switching point 908 may occurfor any suitable reason, for example, in response to an expiry of a BWPinactivity timer (indicating switching to the default BWP) and/or inresponse to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UEmay switch at a switching point 910 from active BWP 904 to BWP 906 inresponse receiving a DCI indicating BWP 906 as the active BWP. The UEmay switch at a switching point 912 from active BWP 906 to BWP 904 inresponse to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer and/or in responsereceiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switchat a switching point 914 from active BWP 904 to BWP 902 in responsereceiving a DCI indicating BWP 902 as the active BWP.

If a UE is configured for a secondary cell with a default downlink BWPin a set of configured downlink BWPs and a timer value, UE proceduresfor switching BWPs on a secondary cell may be the same/similar as thoseon a primary cell. For example, the UE may use the timer value and thedefault downlink BWP for the secondary cell in the same/similar manneras the UE would use these values for a primary cell.

To provide for greater data rates, two or more carriers can beaggregated and simultaneously transmitted to/from the same UE usingcarrier aggregation (CA). The aggregated carriers in CA may be referredto as component carriers (CCs). When CA is used, there are a number ofserving cells for the UE, one for a CC. The CCs may have threeconfigurations in the frequency domain.

FIG. 10A illustrates the three CA configurations with two CCs. In theintraband, contiguous configuration 1002, the two CCs are aggregated inthe same frequency band (frequency band A) and are located directlyadjacent to each other within the frequency band. In the intraband,non-contiguous configuration 1004, the two CCs are aggregated in thesame frequency band (frequency band A) and are separated in thefrequency band by a gap. In the interband configuration 1006, the twoCCs are located in frequency bands (frequency band A and frequency bandB).

In an example, up to 32 CCs may be aggregated. The aggregated CCs mayhave the same or different bandwidths, subcarrier spacing, and/orduplexing schemes (TDD or FDD). A serving cell for a UE using CA mayhave a downlink CC. For FDD, one or more uplink CCs may be optionallyconfigured for a serving cell. The ability to aggregate more downlinkcarriers than uplink carriers may be useful, for example, when the UEhas more data traffic in the downlink than in the uplink.

When CA is used, one of the aggregated cells for a UE may be referred toas a primary cell (PCell). The PCell may be the serving cell that the UEinitially connects to at RRC connection establishment, reestablishment,and/or handover. The PCell may provide the UE with NAS mobilityinformation and the security input. UEs may have different PCells. Inthe downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred toas the downlink primary CC (DL PCC). In the uplink, the carriercorresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the uplink primary CC(UL PCC). The other aggregated cells for the UE may be referred to assecondary cells (SCells). In an example, the SCells may be configuredafter the PCell is configured for the UE. For example, an SCell may beconfigured through an RRC Connection Reconfiguration procedure. In thedownlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be referred to as adownlink secondary CC (DL SCC). In the uplink, the carrier correspondingto the SCell may be referred to as the uplink secondary CC (UL SCC).

Configured SCells for a UE may be activated and deactivated based on,for example, traffic and channel conditions. Deactivation of an SCellmay mean that PDCCH and PDSCH reception on the SCell is stopped andPUSCH, SRS, and CQI transmissions on the SCell are stopped. ConfiguredSCells may be activated and deactivated using a MAC CE with respect toFIG. 4B. For example, a MAC CE may use a bitmap (e.g., one bit perSCell) to indicate which SCells (e.g., in a subset of configured SCells)for the UE are activated or deactivated. Configured SCells may bedeactivated in response to an expiration of an SCell deactivation timer(e.g., one SCell deactivation timer per SCell).

Downlink control information, such as scheduling assignments andscheduling grants, for a cell may be transmitted on the cellcorresponding to the assignments and grants, which is known asself-scheduling. The DCI for the cell may be transmitted on anothercell, which is known as cross-carrier scheduling. Uplink controlinformation (e.g., HARQ acknowledgments and channel state feedback, suchas CQI, PMI, and/or RI) for aggregated cells may be transmitted on thePUCCH of the PCell. For a larger number of aggregated downlink CCs, thePUCCH of the PCell may become overloaded. Cells may be divided intomultiple PUCCH groups.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may beconfigured into one or more PUCCH groups. A PUCCH group 1010 and a PUCCHgroup 1050 may include one or more downlink CCs, respectively. In theexample of FIG. 10B, the PUCCH group 1010 includes three downlink CCs: aPCell 1011, an SCell 1012, and an SCell 1013. The PUCCH group 1050includes three downlink CCs in the present example: a PCell 1051, anSCell 1052, and an SCell 1053. One or more uplink CCs may be configuredas a PCell 1021, an SCell 1022, and an SCell 1023. One or more otheruplink CCs may be configured as a primary Scell (PSCell) 1061, an SCell1062, and an SCell 1063. Uplink control information (UCI) related to thedownlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010, shown as UCI 1031, UCI 1032, andUCI 1033, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PCell 1021. Uplinkcontrol information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group1050, shown as UCI 1071, UCI 1072, and UCI 1073, may be transmitted inthe uplink of the PSCell 1061. In an example, if the aggregated cellsdepicted in FIG. 10B were not divided into the PUCCH group 1010 and thePUCCH group 1050, a single uplink PCell to transmit UCI relating to thedownlink CCs, and the PCell may become overloaded. By dividingtransmissions of UCI between the PCell 1021 and the PSCell 1061,overloading may be prevented.

A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier,may be assigned with a physical cell ID and a cell index. The physicalcell ID or the cell index may identify a downlink carrier and/or anuplink carrier of the cell, for example, depending on the context inwhich the physical cell ID is used. A physical cell ID may be determinedusing a synchronization signal transmitted on a downlink componentcarrier. A cell index may be determined using RRC messages. In thedisclosure, a physical cell ID may be referred to as a carrier ID, and acell index may be referred to as a carrier index. For example, when thedisclosure refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlinkcarrier, the disclosure may mean the first physical cell ID is for acell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same/similar concept mayapply to, for example, a carrier activation. When the disclosureindicates that a first carrier is activated, the specification may meanthat a cell comprising the first carrier is activated.

In CA, a multi-carrier nature of a PHY may be exposed to a MAC. In anexample, a HARQ entity may operate on a serving cell. A transport blockmay be generated per assignment/grant per serving cell. A transportblock and potential HARQ retransmissions of the transport block may bemapped to a serving cell.

In the downlink, a base station may transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast,and/or broadcast) one or more Reference Signals (RSs) to a UE (e.g.,PSS, SSS, CSI-RS, DMRS, and/or PT-RS, as shown in FIG. 5A). In theuplink, the UE may transmit one or more RSs to the base station (e.g.,DMRS, PT-RS, and/or SRS, as shown in FIG. 5B). The PSS and the SSS maybe transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to synchronize theUE to the base station. The PSS and the SSS may be provided in asynchronization signal (SS)/physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block thatincludes the PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH. The base station mayperiodically transmit a burst of SS/PBCH blocks.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block's structure andlocation. A burst of SS/PBCH blocks may include one or more SS/PBCHblocks (e.g., 4 SS/PBCH blocks, as shown in FIG. 11A). Bursts may betransmitted periodically (e.g., every 2 frames or 20 ms). A burst may berestricted to a half-frame (e.g., a first half-frame having a durationof 5 ms). It will be understood that FIG. 11A is an example, and thatthese parameters (number of SS/PBCH blocks per burst, periodicity ofbursts, position of burst within the frame) may be configured based on,for example: a carrier frequency of a cell in which the SS/PBCH block istransmitted; a numerology or subcarrier spacing of the cell; aconfiguration by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); or any othersuitable factor. In an example, the UE may assume a subcarrier spacingfor the SS/PBCH block based on the carrier frequency being monitored,unless the radio network configured the UE to assume a differentsubcarrier spacing.

The SS/PBCH block may span one or more OFDM symbols in the time domain(e.g., 4 OFDM symbols, as shown in the example of FIG. 11A) and may spanone or more subcarriers in the frequency domain (e.g., 240 contiguoussubcarriers). The PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH may have a common centerfrequency. The PSS may be transmitted first and may span, for example, 1OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The SSS may be transmitted after thePSS (e.g., two symbols later) and may span 1 OFDM symbol and 127subcarriers. The PBCH may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., across thenext 3 OFDM symbols) and may span 240 subcarriers.

The location of the SS/PBCH block in the time and frequency domains maynot be known to the UE (e.g., if the UE is searching for the cell). Tofind and select the cell, the UE may monitor a carrier for the PSS. Forexample, the UE may monitor a frequency location within the carrier. Ifthe PSS is not found after a certain duration (e.g., 20 ms), the UE maysearch for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier,as indicated by a synchronization raster. If the PSS is found at alocation in the time and frequency domains, the UE may determine, basedon a known structure of the SS/PBCH block, the locations of the SSS andthe PBCH, respectively. The SS/PBCH block may be a cell-defining SSblock (CD-SSB). In an example, a primary cell may be associated with aCD-SSB. The CD-SSB may be located on a synchronization raster. In anexample, a cell selection/search and/or reselection may be based on theCD-SSB.

The SS/PBCH block may be used by the UE to determine one or moreparameters of the cell. For example, the UE may determine a physicalcell identifier (PCI) of the cell based on the sequences of the PSS andthe SSS, respectively. The UE may determine a location of a frameboundary of the cell based on the location of the SS/PBCH block. Forexample, the SS/PBCH block may indicate that it has been transmitted inaccordance with a transmission pattern, wherein a SS/PBCH block in thetransmission pattern is a known distance from the frame boundary.

The PBCH may use a QPSK modulation and may use forward error correction(FEC). The FEC may use polar coding. One or more symbols spanned by thePBCH may carry one or more DMRSs for demodulation of the PBCH. The PBCHmay include an indication of a current system frame number (SFN) of thecell and/or a SS/PBCH block timing index. These parameters mayfacilitate time synchronization of the UE to the base station. The PBCHmay include a master information block (MIB) used to provide the UE withone or more parameters. The MIB may be used by the UE to locateremaining minimum system information (RMSI) associated with the cell.The RMSI may include a System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1). The SIB1may contain information needed by the UE to access the cell. The UE mayuse one or more parameters of the MIB to monitor PDCCH, which may beused to schedule PDSCH. The PDSCH may include the SIB 1. The SIB1 may bedecoded using parameters provided in the MIB. The PBCH may indicate anabsence of SIB 1. Based on the PBCH indicating the absence of SIB1, theUE may be pointed to a frequency. The UE may search for an SS/PBCH blockat the frequency to which the UE is pointed.

The UE may assume that one or more SS/PBCH blocks transmitted with asame SS/PBCH block index are quasi co-located (QCLed) (e.g., having thesame/similar Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay,and/or spatial Rx parameters). The UE may not assume QCL for SS/PBCHblock transmissions having different SS/PBCH block indices.

SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., those within a half-frame) may be transmitted inspatial directions (e.g., using different beams that span a coveragearea of the cell). In an example, a first SS/PBCH block may betransmitted in a first spatial direction using a first beam, and asecond SS/PBCH block may be transmitted in a second spatial directionusing a second beam.

In an example, within a frequency span of a carrier, a base station maytransmit a plurality of SS/PBCH blocks. In an example, a first PCI of afirst SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks may be differentfrom a second PCI of a second SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCHblocks. The PCIs of SS/PBCH blocks transmitted in different frequencylocations may be different or the same.

The CSI-RS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE toacquire channel state information (CSI). The base station may configurethe UE with one or more CSI-RSs for channel estimation or any othersuitable purpose. The base station may configure a UE with one or moreof the same/similar CSI-RSs. The UE may measure the one or more CSI-RSs.The UE may estimate a downlink channel state and/or generate a CSIreport based on the measuring of the one or more downlink CSI-RSs. TheUE may provide the CSI report to the base station. The base station mayuse feedback provided by the UE (e.g., the estimated downlink channelstate) to perform link adaptation.

The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or moreCSI-RS resource sets. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with alocation in the time and frequency domains and a periodicity. The basestation may selectively activate and/or deactivate a CSI-RS resource.The base station may indicate to the UE that a CSI-RS resource in theCSI-RS resource set is activated and/or deactivated.

The base station may configure the UE to report CSI measurements. Thebase station may configure the UE to provide CSI reports periodically,aperiodically, or semi-persistently. For periodic CSI reporting, the UEmay be configured with a timing and/or periodicity of a plurality of CSIreports. For aperiodic CSI reporting, the base station may request a CSIreport. For example, the base station may command the UE to measure aconfigured CSI-RS resource and provide a CSI report relating to themeasurements. For semi-persistent CSI reporting, the base station mayconfigure the UE to transmit periodically, and selectively activate ordeactivate the periodic reporting. The base station may configure the UEwith a CSI-RS resource set and CSI reports using RRC signaling.

The CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating,for example, up to 32 antenna ports. The UE may be configured to employthe same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and a control resource set(CORESET) when the downlink CSI-RS and CORESET are spatially QCLed andresource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of thephysical resource blocks (PRBs) configured for the CORESET. The UE maybe configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS andSS/PBCH blocks when the downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks are spatiallyQCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS areoutside of PRBs configured for the SS/PBCH blocks.

Downlink DMRSs may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE forchannel estimation. For example, the downlink DMRS may be used forcoherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g.,PDSCH). An NR network may support one or more variable and/orconfigurable DMRS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlinkDMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. Afront-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., oneor two adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi-staticallyconfigure the UE with a number (e.g. a maximum number) of front-loadedDMRS symbols for PDSCH. A DMRS configuration may support one or moreDMRS ports. For example, for single user-MIMO, a DMRS configuration maysupport up to eight orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. Formultiuser-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to 4 orthogonaldownlink DMRS ports per UE. A radio network may support (e.g., at leastfor CP-OFDM) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein aDMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence may be thesame or different. The base station may transmit a downlink DMRS and acorresponding PDSCH using the same precoding matrix. The UE may use theone or more downlink DMRSs for coherent demodulation/channel estimationof the PDSCH.

In an example, a transmitter (e.g., a base station) may use a precodermatrices for a part of a transmission bandwidth. For example, thetransmitter may use a first precoder matrix for a first bandwidth and asecond precoder matrix for a second bandwidth. The first precoder matrixand the second precoder matrix may be different based on the firstbandwidth being different from the second bandwidth. The UE may assumethat a same precoding matrix is used across a set of PRBs. The set ofPRBs may be denoted as a precoding resource block group (PRG).

A PDSCH may comprise one or more layers. The UE may assume that at leastone symbol with DMRS is present on a layer of the one or more layers ofthe PDSCH. A higher layer may configure up to 3 DMRSs for the PDSCH.

Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE forphase-noise compensation. Whether a downlink PT-RS is present or not maydepend on an RRC configuration. The presence and/or pattern of thedownlink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis using acombination of RRC signaling and/or an association with one or moreparameters employed for other purposes (e.g., modulation and codingscheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamicpresence of a downlink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCIparameters comprising at least MCS. An NR network may support aplurality of PT-RS densities defined in the time and/or frequencydomains. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated withat least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume asame precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS portsmay be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource.Downlink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency durationfor the UE. Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted on symbols to facilitatephase tracking at the receiver.

The UE may transmit an uplink DMRS to a base station for channelestimation. For example, the base station may use the uplink DMRS forcoherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels. Forexample, the UE may transmit an uplink DMRS with a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH.The uplink DM-RS may span a range of frequencies that is similar to arange of frequencies associated with the corresponding physical channel.The base station may configure the UE with one or more uplink DMRSconfigurations. At least one DMRS configuration may support afront-loaded DMRS pattern. The front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over oneor more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). One ormore uplink DMRSs may be configured to transmit at one or more symbolsof a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The base station may semi-staticallyconfigure the UE with a number (e.g. maximum number) of front-loadedDMRS symbols for the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH, which the UE may use toschedule a single-symbol DMRS and/or a double-symbol DMRS. An NR networkmay support (e.g., for cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (CP-OFDM)) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink,wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequencefor the DMRS may be the same or different.

A PUSCH may comprise one or more layers, and the UE may transmit atleast one symbol with DMRS present on a layer of the one or more layersof the PUSCH. In an example, a higher layer may configure up to threeDMRSs for the PUSCH.

Uplink PT-RS (which may be used by a base station for phase trackingand/or phase-noise compensation) may or may not be present depending onan RRC configuration of the UE. The presence and/or pattern of uplinkPT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis by a combination of RRCsignaling and/or one or more parameters employed for other purposes(e.g., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated byDCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of uplink PT-RS may beassociated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. Aradio network may support a plurality of uplink PT-RS densities definedin time/frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density maybe associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth.The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. Anumber of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in ascheduled resource. For example, uplink PT-RS may be confined in thescheduled time/frequency duration for the UE.

SRS may be transmitted by a UE to a base station for channel stateestimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and/or linkadaptation. SRS transmitted by the UE may allow a base station toestimate an uplink channel state at one or more frequencies. A schedulerat the base station may employ the estimated uplink channel state toassign one or more resource blocks for an uplink PUSCH transmission fromthe UE. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with oneor more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, the base station mayconfigure the UE with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource setapplicability may be configured by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter.For example, when a higher layer parameter indicates beam management, anSRS resource in a SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets(e.g., with the same/similar time domain behavior, periodic, aperiodic,and/or the like) may be transmitted at a time instant (e.g.,simultaneously). The UE may transmit one or more SRS resources in SRSresource sets. An NR network may support aperiodic, periodic and/orsemi-persistent SRS transmissions. The UE may transmit SRS resourcesbased on one or more trigger types, wherein the one or more triggertypes may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and/or one or moreDCI formats. In an example, at least one DCI format may be employed forthe UE to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resourcesets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on ahigher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRStriggered based on one or more DCI formats. In an example, when PUSCHand SRS are transmitted in a same slot, the UE may be configured totransmit SRS after a transmission of a PUSCH and a corresponding uplinkDMRS.

The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or moreSRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRSresource configuration identifier; a number of SRS ports; time domainbehavior of an SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication ofperiodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS); slot, mini-slot, and/orsubframe level periodicity; offset for a periodic and/or an aperiodicSRS resource; a number of OFDM symbols in an SRS resource; a startingOFDM symbol of an SRS resource; an SRS bandwidth; a frequency hoppingbandwidth; a cyclic shift; and/or an SRS sequence ID.

An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol onthe antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over whichanother symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. If a first symboland a second symbol are transmitted on the same antenna port, thereceiver may infer the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay,and/or the like) for conveying the second symbol on the antenna port,from the channel for conveying the first symbol on the antenna port. Afirst antenna port and a second antenna port may be referred to as quasico-located (QCLed) if one or more large-scale properties of the channelover which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may beinferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antennaport is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise atleast one of: a delay spread; a Doppler spread; a Doppler shift; anaverage gain; an average delay; and/or spatial Receiving (Rx)parameters.

Channels that use beamforming require beam management. Beam managementmay comprise beam measurement, beam selection, and beam indication. Abeam may be associated with one or more reference signals. For example,a beam may be identified by one or more beamformed reference signals.The UE may perform downlink beam measurement based on downlink referencesignals (e.g., a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS))and generate a beam measurement report. The UE may perform the downlinkbeam measurement procedure after an RRC connection is set up with a basestation.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example of channel state information referencesignals (CSI-RSs) that are mapped in the time and frequency domains. Asquare shown in FIG. 11B may span a resource block (RB) within abandwidth of a cell. A base station may transmit one or more RRCmessages comprising CSI-RS resource configuration parameters indicatingone or more CSI-RSs. One or more of the following parameters may beconfigured by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC and/or MAC signaling)for a CSI-RS resource configuration: a CSI-RS resource configurationidentity, a number of CSI-RS ports, a CSI-RS configuration (e.g., symboland resource element (RE) locations in a subframe), a CSI-RS subframeconfiguration (e.g., subframe location, offset, and periodicity in aradio frame), a CSI-RS power parameter, a CSI-RS sequence parameter, acode division multiplexing (CDM) type parameter, a frequency density, atransmission comb, quasi co-location (QCL) parameters (e.g.,QCL-scramblingidentity, crs-portscount, mbsfn-subframeconfiglist,csi-rs-configZPid, qcl-csi-rs-configNZPid), and/or other radio resourceparameters.

The three beams illustrated in FIG. 11B may be configured for a UE in aUE-specific configuration. Three beams are illustrated in FIG. 11B (beam#1, beam #2, and beam #3), more or fewer beams may be configured. Beam#1 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1101 that may be transmitted in one ormore subcarriers in an RB of a first symbol. Beam #2 may be allocatedwith CSI-RS 1102 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers inan RB of a second symbol. Beam #3 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1103 thatmay be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a thirdsymbol. By using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), a base stationmay use other subcarriers in a same RB (for example, those that are notused to transmit CSI-RS 1101) to transmit another CSI-RS associated witha beam for another UE. By using time domain multiplexing (TDM), beamsused for the UE may be configured such that beams for the UE use symbolsfrom beams of other UEs.

CSI-RSs such as those illustrated in FIG. 11B (e.g., CSI-RS 1101, 1102,1103) may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE for oneor more measurements. For example, the UE may measure a reference signalreceived power (RSRP) of configured CSI-RS resources. The base stationmay configure the UE with a reporting configuration and the UE mayreport the RSRP measurements to a network (for example, via one or morebase stations) based on the reporting configuration. In an example, thebase station may determine, based on the reported measurement results,one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) statescomprising a number of reference signals. In an example, the basestation may indicate one or more TCI states to the UE (e.g., via RRCsignaling, a MAC CE, and/or a DCI). The UE may receive a downlinktransmission with a receive (Rx) beam determined based on the one ormore TCI states. In an example, the UE may or may not have a capabilityof beam correspondence. If the UE has the capability of beamcorrespondence, the UE may determine a spatial domain filter of atransmit (Tx) beam based on a spatial domain filter of the correspondingRx beam. If the UE does not have the capability of beam correspondence,the UE may perform an uplink beam selection procedure to determine thespatial domain filter of the Tx beam. The UE may perform the uplink beamselection procedure based on one or more sounding reference signal (SRS)resources configured to the UE by the base station. The base station mayselect and indicate uplink beams for the UE based on measurements of theone or more SRS resources transmitted by the UE.

In a beam management procedure, a UE may assess (e.g., measure) achannel quality of one or more beam pair links, a beam pair linkcomprising a transmitting beam transmitted by a base station and areceiving beam received by the UE. Based on the assessment, the UE maytransmit a beam measurement report indicating one or more beam pairquality parameters comprising, e.g., one or more beam identifications(e.g., a beam index, a reference signal index, or the like), RSRP, aprecoding matrix indicator (PMI), a channel quality indicator (CQI),and/or a rank indicator (RI).

FIG. 12A illustrates examples of three downlink beam managementprocedures: P1, P2, and P3. Procedure P1 may enable a UE measurement ontransmit (Tx) beams of a transmission reception point (TRP) (or multipleTRPs), e.g., to support a selection of one or more base station Tx beamsand/or UE Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row,respectively, of P1). Beamforming at a TRP may comprise a Tx beam sweepfor a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of P1 and P2, as ovalsrotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow).Beamforming at a UE may comprise an Rx beam sweep for a set of beams(shown, in the bottom rows of P1 and P3, as ovals rotated in a clockwisedirection indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure P2 may be used toenable a UE measurement on Tx beams of a TRP (shown, in the top row ofP2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by thedashed arrow). The UE and/or the base station may perform procedure P2using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1, or usingnarrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referredto as beam refinement. The UE may perform procedure P3 for Rx beamdetermination by using the same Tx beam at the base station and sweepingan Rx beam at the UE.

FIG. 12B illustrates examples of three uplink beam managementprocedures: U1, U2, and U3. Procedure U1 may be used to enable a basestation to perform a measurement on Tx beams of a UE, e.g., to support aselection of one or more UE Tx beams and/or base station Rx beams (shownas ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of U1).Beamforming at the UE may include, e.g., a Tx beam sweep from a set ofbeams (shown in the bottom rows of U1 and U3 as ovals rotated in aclockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at thebase station may include, e.g., an Rx beam sweep from a set of beams(shown, in the top rows of U1 and U2, as ovals rotated in acounter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure U2may be used to enable the base station to adjust its Rx beam when the UEuses a fixed Tx beam. The UE and/or the base station may performprocedure U2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1,or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may bereferred to as beam refinement The UE may perform procedure U3 to adjustits Tx beam when the base station uses a fixed Rx beam.

A UE may initiate a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure based ondetecting a beam failure. The UE may transmit a BFR request (e.g., apreamble, a UCI, an SR, a MAC CE, and/or the like) based on theinitiating of the BFR procedure. The UE may detect the beam failurebased on a determination that a quality of beam pair link(s) of anassociated control channel is unsatisfactory (e.g., having an error ratehigher than an error rate threshold, a received signal power lower thana received signal power threshold, an expiration of a timer, and/or thelike).

The UE may measure a quality of a beam pair link using one or morereference signals (RSs) comprising one or more SS/PBCH blocks, one ormore CSI-RS resources, and/or one or more demodulation reference signals(DMRSs). A quality of the beam pair link may be based on one or more ofa block error rate (BLER), an RSRP value, a signal to interference plusnoise ratio (SINR) value, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ)value, and/or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station mayindicate that an RS resource is quasi co-located (QCLed) with one ormore DM-RSs of a channel (e.g., a control channel, a shared datachannel, and/or the like). The RS resource and the one or more DMRSs ofthe channel may be QCLed when the channel characteristics (e.g., Dopplershift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, spatial Rxparameter, fading, and/or the like) from a transmission via the RSresource to the UE are similar or the same as the channelcharacteristics from a transmission via the channel to the UE.

A network (e.g., a gNB and/or an ng-eNB of a network) and/or the UE mayinitiate a random access procedure. A UE in an RRC_IDLE state and/or anRRC_INACTIVE state may initiate the random access procedure to request aconnection setup to a network. The UE may initiate the random accessprocedure from an RRC_CONNECTED state. The UE may initiate the randomaccess procedure to request uplink resources (e.g., for uplinktransmission of an SR when there is no PUCCH resource available) and/oracquire uplink timing (e.g., when uplink synchronization status isnon-synchronized). The UE may initiate the random access procedure torequest one or more system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., other systeminformation such as SIB2, SIB3, and/or the like). The UE may initiatethe random access procedure for a beam failure recovery request. Anetwork may initiate a random access procedure for a handover and/or forestablishing time alignment for an SCell addition.

FIG. 13A illustrates a four-step contention-based random accessprocedure. Prior to initiation of the procedure, a base station maytransmit a configuration message 1310 to the UE. The procedureillustrated in FIG. 13A comprises transmission of four messages: a Msg 11311, a Msg 2 1312, a Msg 3 1313, and a Msg 4 1314. The Msg 1 1311 mayinclude and/or be referred to as a preamble (or a random accesspreamble). The Msg 2 1312 may include and/or be referred to as a randomaccess response (RAR).

The configuration message 1310 may be transmitted, for example, usingone or more RRC messages. The one or more RRC messages may indicate oneor more random access channel (RACH) parameters to the UE. The one ormore RACH parameters may comprise at least one of following: generalparameters for one or more random access procedures (e.g.,RACH-configGeneral); cell-specific parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigCommon);and/or dedicated parameters (e.g., RACH-configDedicated). The basestation may broadcast or multicast the one or more RRC messages to oneor more UEs. The one or more RRC messages may be UE-specific (e.g.,dedicated RRC messages transmitted to a UE in an RRC_CONNECTED stateand/or in an RRC_INACTIVE state). The UE may determine, based on the oneor more RACH parameters, a time-frequency resource and/or an uplinktransmit power for transmission of the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313.Based on the one or more RACH parameters, the UE may determine areception timing and a downlink channel for receiving the Msg 2 1312 andthe Msg 4 1314.

The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message1310 may indicate one or more Physical RACH (PRACH) occasions availablefor transmission of the Msg 1 1311. The one or more PRACH occasions maybe predefined. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or moreavailable sets of one or more PRACH occasions (e.g., prach-Configlndex).The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a)one or more PRACH occasions and (b) one or more reference signals. Theone or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) oneor more preambles and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or morereference signals may be SS/PBCH blocks and/or CSI-RSs. For example, theone or more RACH parameters may indicate a number of SS/PBCH blocksmapped to a PRACH occasion and/or a number of preambles mapped to aSS/PBCH blocks.

The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message1310 may be used to determine an uplink transmit power of Msg 1 1311and/or Msg 3 1313. For example, the one or more RACH parameters mayindicate a reference power for a preamble transmission (e.g., a receivedtarget power and/or an initial power of the preamble transmission).There may be one or more power offsets indicated by the one or more RACHparameters. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: apower ramping step; a power offset between SSB and CSI-RS; a poweroffset between transmissions of the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313;and/or a power offset value between preamble groups. The one or moreRACH parameters may indicate one or more thresholds based on which theUE may determine at least one reference signal (e.g., an SSB and/orCSI-RS) and/or an uplink carrier (e.g., a normal uplink (NUL) carrierand/or a supplemental uplink (SUL) carrier).

The Msg 1 1311 may include one or more preamble transmissions (e.g., apreamble transmission and one or more preamble retransmissions). An RRCmessage may be used to configure one or more preamble groups (e.g.,group A and/or group B). A preamble group may comprise one or morepreambles. The UE may determine the preamble group based on a pathlossmeasurement and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. The UE may measure an RSRPof one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) anddetermine at least one reference signal having an RSRP above an RSRPthreshold (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB and/or rsrp-ThresholdCSl-RS). The UEmay select at least one preamble associated with the one or morereference signals and/or a selected preamble group, for example, if theassociation between the one or more preambles and the at least onereference signal is configured by an RRC message.

The UE may determine the preamble based on the one or more RACHparameters provided in the configuration message 1310. For example, theUE may determine the preamble based on a pathloss measurement, an RSRPmeasurement, and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. As another example, theone or more RACH parameters may indicate: a preamble format; a maximumnumber of preamble transmissions; and/or one or more thresholds fordetermining one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and group B). Abase station may use the one or more RACH parameters to configure the UEwith an association between one or more preambles and one or morereference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs). If the association isconfigured, the UE may determine the preamble to include in Msg 1 1311based on the association. The Msg 1 1311 may be transmitted to the basestation via one or more PRACH occasions. The UE may use one or morereference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) for selection of thepreamble and for determining of the PRACH occasion. One or more RACHparameters (e.g., ra-ssb-OccasionMsklndex and/or ra-OccasionList) mayindicate an association between the PRACH occasions and the one or morereference signals.

The UE may perform a preamble retransmission if no response is receivedfollowing a preamble transmission. The UE may increase an uplinktransmit power for the preamble retransmission. The UE may select aninitial preamble transmit power based on a pathloss measurement and/or atarget received preamble power configured by the network. The UE maydetermine to retransmit a preamble and may ramp up the uplink transmitpower. The UE may receive one or more RACH parameters (e.g.,PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) indicating a ramping step for the preambleretransmission. The ramping step may be an amount of incrementalincrease in uplink transmit power for a retransmission. The UE may rampup the uplink transmit power if the UE determines a reference signal(e.g., SSB and/or CSI-RS) that is the same as a previous preambletransmission. The UE may count a number of preamble transmissions and/orretransmissions (e.g., PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER). The UE maydetermine that a random access procedure completed unsuccessfully, forexample, if the number of preamble transmissions exceeds a thresholdconfigured by the one or more RACH parameters (e.g., preambleTransMax).

The Msg 2 1312 received by the UE may include an RAR. In some scenarios,the Msg 2 1312 may include multiple RARs corresponding to multiple UEs.The Msg 2 1312 may be received after or in response to the transmittingof the Msg 1 1311. The Msg 2 1312 may be scheduled on the DL-SCH andindicated on a PDCCH using a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The Msg 21312 may indicate that the Msg 1 1311 was received by the base station.The Msg 2 1312 may include a time-alignment command that may be used bythe UE to adjust the UE's transmission timing, a scheduling grant fortransmission of the Msg 3 1313, and/or a Temporary Cell RNTI (TC-RNTI).After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g.,ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the Msg 2 1312. The UE maydetermine when to start the time window based on a PRACH occasion thatthe UE uses to transmit the preamble. For example, the UE may start thetime window one or more symbols after a last symbol of the preamble(e.g., at a first PDCCH occasion from an end of a preambletransmission). The one or more symbols may be determined based on anumerology. The PDCCH may be in a common search space (e.g., aTypel-PDCCH common search space) configured by an RRC message. The UEmay identify the RAR based on a Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI). RNTIs may be used depending on one or more events initiating therandom access procedure. The UE may use random access RNTI (RA-RNTI).The RA-RNTI may be associated with PRACH occasions in which the UEtransmits a preamble. For example, the UE may determine the RA-RNTIbased on: an OFDM symbol index; a slot index; a frequency domain index;and/or a UL carrier indicator of the PRACH occasions. An example ofRA-RNTI may be as follows:

-   -   RA-RNTI=1+s_id+14×t_id+14×80×f_id+14×80×8×ul_carrier_id where        s_id may be an index of a first OFDM symbol of the PRACH        occasion (e.g., 0≤s_id<14), t_id may be an index of a first slot        of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (e.g., 0<t_id<80), f_id        may be an index of the PRACH occasion in the frequency domain        (e.g., 0≤f_id<8), and ul_carrier_id may be a UL carrier used for        a preamble transmission (e.g., 0 for an NUL carrier, and 1 for        an SUL carrier).

The UE may transmit the Msg 3 1313 in response to a successful receptionof the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., using resources identified in the Msg 2 1312).The Msg 3 1313 may be used for contention resolution in, for example,the contention-based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A. Insome scenarios, a plurality of UEs may transmit a same preamble to abase station and the base station may provide an RAR that corresponds toa UE. Collisions may occur if the plurality of UEs interpret the RAR ascorresponding to themselves. Contention resolution (e.g., using the Msg3 1313 and the Msg 4 1314) may be used to increase the likelihood thatthe UE does not incorrectly use an identity of another the UE. Toperform contention resolution, the UE may include a device identifier inthe Msg 3 1313 (e.g., a C-RNTI if assigned, a TC-RNTI included in theMsg 2 1312, and/or any other suitable identifier).

The Msg 4 1314 may be received after or in response to the transmittingof the Msg 3 1313. If a C-RNTI was included in the Msg 3 1313, the basestation will address the UE on the PDCCH using the C-RNTI. If the UE'sunique C-RNTI is detected on the PDCCH, the random access procedure isdetermined to be successfully completed. If a TC-RNTI is included in theMsg 3 1313 (e.g., if the UE is in an RRC_IDLE state or not otherwiseconnected to the base station), Msg 4 1314 will be received using aDL-SCH associated with the TC-RNTI. If a MAC PDU is successfully decodedand a MAC PDU comprises the UE contention resolution identity MAC CEthat matches or otherwise corresponds with the CCCH SDU sent (e.g.,transmitted) in Msg 3 1313, the UE may determine that the contentionresolution is successful and/or the UE may determine that the randomaccess procedure is successfully completed.

The UE may be configured with a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier and anormal uplink (NUL) carrier. An initial access (e.g., random accessprocedure) may be supported in an uplink carrier. For example, a basestation may configure the UE with two separate RACH configurations: onefor an SUL carrier and the other for an NUL carrier. For random accessin a cell configured with an SUL carrier, the network may indicate whichcarrier to use (NUL or SUL). The UE may determine the SUL carrier, forexample, if a measured quality of one or more reference signals is lowerthan a broadcast threshold. Uplink transmissions of the random accessprocedure (e.g., the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313) may remain on theselected carrier. The UE may switch an uplink carrier during the randomaccess procedure (e.g., between the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313) inone or more cases. For example, the UE may determine and/or switch anuplink carrier for the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313 based on achannel clear assessment (e.g., a listen-before-talk).

FIG. 13B illustrates a two-step contention-free random access procedure.Similar to the four-step contention-based random access procedureillustrated in FIG. 13A, a base station may, prior to initiation of theprocedure, transmit a configuration message 1320 to the UE. Theconfiguration message 1320 may be analogous in some respects to theconfiguration message 1310. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13Bcomprises transmission of two messages: a Msg 1 1321 and a Msg 2 1322.The Msg 1 1321 and the Msg 2 1322 may be analogous in some respects tothe Msg 1 1311 and a Msg 2 1312 illustrated in FIG. 13A, respectively.As will be understood from FIGS. 13A and 13B, the contention-free randomaccess procedure may not include messages analogous to the Msg 3 1313and/or the Msg 4 1314.

The contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B maybe initiated for a beam failure recovery, other SI request, SCelladdition, and/or handover. For example, a base station may indicate orassign to the UE the preamble to be used for the Msg 1 1321. The UE mayreceive, from the base station via PDCCH and/or RRC, an indication of apreamble (e.g., ra-Preamblelndex).

After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g.,ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the RAR. In the event of abeam failure recovery request, the base station may configure the UEwith a separate time window and/or a separate PDCCH in a search spaceindicated by an RRC message (e.g., recoverySearchSpaceld). The UE maymonitor for a PDCCH transmission addressed to a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI) onthe search space. In the contention-free random access procedureillustrated in FIG. 13B, the UE may determine that a random accessprocedure successfully completes after or in response to transmission ofMsg 1 1321 and reception of a corresponding Msg 2 1322. The UE maydetermine that a random access procedure successfully completes, forexample, if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a C-RNTI. The UE maydetermine that a random access procedure successfully completes, forexample, if the UE receives an RAR comprising a preamble identifiercorresponding to a preamble transmitted by the UE and/or the RARcomprises a MAC sub-PDU with the preamble identifier. The UE maydetermine the response as an indication of an acknowledgement for an SIrequest.

FIG. 13C illustrates another two-step random access procedure. Similarto the random access procedures illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a basestation may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit aconfiguration message 1330 to the UE. The configuration message 1330 maybe analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310 and/orthe configuration message 1320. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13Ccomprises transmission of two messages: a Msg A 1331 and a Msg B 1332.

Msg A 1331 may be transmitted in an uplink transmission by the UE. Msg A1331 may comprise one or more transmissions of a preamble 1341 and/orone or more transmissions of a transport block 1342. The transport block1342 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to thecontents of the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A. The transport block1342 may comprise UCI (e.g., an SR, a HARQ ACK/NACK, and/or the like).The UE may receive the Msg B 1332 after or in response to transmittingthe Msg A 1331. The Msg B 1332 may comprise contents that are similarand/or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., an RAR)illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B and/or the Msg 4 1314 illustrated inFIG. 13A.

The UE may initiate the two-step random access procedure in FIG. 13C forlicensed spectrum and/or unlicensed spectrum. The UE may determine,based on one or more factors, whether to initiate the two-step randomaccess procedure. The one or more factors may be: a radio accesstechnology in use (e.g., LTE, NR, and/or the like); whether the UE hasvalid TA or not; a cell size; the UE's RRC state; a type of spectrum(e.g., licensed vs. unlicensed); and/or any other suitable factors.

The UE may determine, based on two-step RACH parameters included in theconfiguration message 1330, a radio resource and/or an uplink transmitpower for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342 included inthe Msg A 1331. The RACH parameters may indicate a modulation and codingschemes (MCS), a time-frequency resource, and/or a power control for thepreamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342. A time-frequency resourcefor transmission of the preamble 1341 (e.g., a PRACH) and atime-frequency resource for transmission of the transport block 1342(e.g., a PUSCH) may be multiplexed using FDM, TDM, and/or CDM. The RACHparameters may enable the UE to determine a reception timing and adownlink channel for monitoring for and/or receiving Msg B 1332.

The transport block 1342 may comprise data (e.g., delay-sensitive data),an identifier of the UE, security information, and/or device information(e.g., an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)). The basestation may transmit the Msg B 1332 as a response to the Msg A 1331. TheMsg B 1332 may comprise at least one of following: a preambleidentifier; a timing advance command; a power control command; an uplinkgrant (e.g., a radio resource assignment and/or an MCS); a UE identifierfor contention resolution; and/or an RNTI (e.g., a C-RNTI or a TC-RNTI).The UE may determine that the two-step random access procedure issuccessfully completed if: a preamble identifier in the Msg B 1332 ismatched to a preamble transmitted by the UE; and/or the identifier ofthe UE in Msg B 1332 is matched to the identifier of the UE in the Msg A1331 (e.g., the transport block 1342).

A UE and a base station may exchange control signaling. The controlsignaling may be referred to as L1/L2 control signaling and mayoriginate from the PHY layer (e.g., layer 1) and/or the MAC layer (e.g.,layer 2). The control signaling may comprise downlink control signalingtransmitted from the base station to the UE and/or uplink controlsignaling transmitted from the UE to the base station.

The downlink control signaling may comprise: a downlink schedulingassignment; an uplink scheduling grant indicating uplink radio resourcesand/or a transport format; a slot format information; a preemptionindication; a power control command; and/or any other suitablesignaling. The UE may receive the downlink control signaling in apayload transmitted by the base station on a physical downlink controlchannel (PDCCH). The payload transmitted on the PDCCH may be referred toas downlink control information (DCI). In some scenarios, the PDCCH maybe a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) that is common to a group of UEs.

A base station may attach one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC)parity bits to a DCI in order to facilitate detection of transmissionerrors. When the DCI is intended for a UE (or a group of the UEs), thebase station may scramble the CRC parity bits with an identifier of theUE (or an identifier of the group of the UEs). Scrambling the CRC paritybits with the identifier may comprise Modulo-2 addition (or an exclusiveOR operation) of the identifier value and the CRC parity bits. Theidentifier may comprise a 16-bit value of a radio network temporaryidentifier (RNTI).

DCIs may be used for different purposes. A purpose may be indicated bythe type of RNTI used to scramble the CRC parity bits. For example, aDCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a paging RNTI (P-RNTI) mayindicate paging information and/or a system information changenotification. The P-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFE” in hexadecimal. ADCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a system information RNTI(SI-RNTI) may indicate a broadcast transmission of the systeminformation. The SI-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFF” in hexadecimal. ADCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI)may indicate a random access response (RAR). A DCI having CRC paritybits scrambled with a cell RNTI (C-RNTI) may indicate a dynamicallyscheduled unicast transmission and/or a triggering of PDCCH-orderedrandom access. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a temporarycell RNTI (TC-RNTI) may indicate a contention resolution (e.g., a Msg 3analogous to the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A). Other RNTIsconfigured to the UE by a base station may comprise a ConfiguredScheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUCCH RNTI(TPC-PUCCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUSCH RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI),a Transmit Power Control-SRS RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), an Interruption RNTI(INT-RNTI), a Slot Format Indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), a Semi-PersistentCSI RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), a Modulation and Coding Scheme Cell RNTI(MCS-C-RNTI), and/or the like.

Depending on the purpose and/or content of a DCI, the base station maytransmit the DCIs with one or more DCI formats. For example, DCI format0_0 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell. DCI format 0_0 may bea fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 0_1may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCIpayloads than DCI format 0_0). DCI format 1_0 may be used for schedulingof PDSCH in a cell. DCI format 1_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g.,with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 1_1 may be used for scheduling ofPDSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 1_0). DCIformat 2_0 may be used for providing a slot format indication to a groupof UEs. DCI format 2_1 may be used for notifying a group of UEs of aphysical resource block and/or OFDM symbol where the UE may assume notransmission is intended to the UE. DCI format 2_2 may be used fortransmission of a transmit power control (TPC) command for PUCCH orPUSCH. DCI format 2_3 may be used for transmission of a group of TPCcommands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs. DCI format(s) for newfunctions may be defined in future releases. DCI formats may havedifferent DCI sizes, or may share the same DCI size.

After scrambling a DCI with a RNTI, the base station may process the DCIwith channel coding (e.g., polar coding), rate matching, scramblingand/or QPSK modulation. A base station may map the coded and modulatedDCI on resource elements used and/or configured for a PDCCH. Based on apayload size of the DCI and/or a coverage of the base station, the basestation may transmit the DCI via a PDCCH occupying a number ofcontiguous control channel elements (CCEs). The number of the contiguousCCEs (referred to as aggregation level) may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and/orany other suitable number. A CCE may comprise a number (e.g., 6) ofresource-element groups (REGs). A REG may comprise a resource block inan OFDM symbol. The mapping of the coded and modulated DCI on theresource elements may be based on mapping of CCEs and REGs (e.g.,CCE-to-REG mapping).

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for abandwidth part. The base station may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH on oneor more control resource sets (CORESETs). A CORESET may comprise atime-frequency resource in which the UE tries to decode a DCI using oneor more search spaces. The base station may configure a CORESET in thetime-frequency domain. In the example of FIG. 14A, a first CORESET 1401and a second CORESET 1402 occur at the first symbol in a slot. The firstCORESET 1401 overlaps with the second CORESET 1402 in the frequencydomain. A third CORESET 1403 occurs at a third symbol in the slot. Afourth CORESET 1404 occurs at the seventh symbol in the slot. CORESETsmay have a different number of resource blocks in frequency domain.

FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCItransmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing. The CCE-to-REG mappingmay be an interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purpose of providingfrequency diversity) or a non-interleaved mapping (e.g., for thepurposes of facilitating interference coordination and/orfrequency-selective transmission of control channels). The base stationmay perform different or same CCE-to-REG mapping on different CORESETs.A CORESET may be associated with a CCE-to-REG mapping by RRCconfiguration. A CORESET may be configured with an antenna port quasico-location (QCL) parameter. The antenna port QCL parameter may indicateQCL information of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PDCCHreception in the CORESET.

The base station may transmit, to the UE, RRC messages comprisingconfiguration parameters of one or more CORESETs and one or more searchspace sets. The configuration parameters may indicate an associationbetween a search space set and a CORESET. A search space set maycomprise a set of PDCCH candidates formed by CCEs at a given aggregationlevel. The configuration parameters may indicate: a number of PDCCHcandidates to be monitored per aggregation level; a PDCCH monitoringperiodicity and a PDCCH monitoring pattern; one or more DCI formats tobe monitored by the UE; and/or whether a search space set is a commonsearch space set or a UE-specific search space set. A set of CCEs in thecommon search space set may be predefined and known to the UE. A set ofCCEs in the UE-specific search space set may be configured based on theUE's identity (e.g., C-RNTI).

As shown in FIG. 14B, the UE may determine a time-frequency resource fora CORESET based on RRC messages. The UE may determine a CCE-to-REGmapping (e.g., interleaved or non-interleaved, and/or mappingparameters) for the CORESET based on configuration parameters of theCORESET. The UE may determine a number (e.g., at most 10) of searchspace sets configured on the CORESET based on the RRC messages. The UEmay monitor a set of PDCCH candidates according to configurationparameters of a search space set. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCHcandidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCIs.Monitoring may comprise decoding one or more PDCCH candidates of the setof the PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats.Monitoring may comprise decoding a DCI content of one or more PDCCHcandidates with possible (or configured) PDCCH locations, possible (orconfigured) PDCCH formats (e.g., number of CCEs, number of PDCCHcandidates in common search spaces, and/or number of PDCCH candidates inthe UE-specific search spaces) and possible (or configured) DCI formats.The decoding may be referred to as blind decoding. The UE may determinea DCI as valid for the UE, in response to CRC checking (e.g., scrambledbits for CRC parity bits of the DCI matching a RNTI value). The UE mayprocess information contained in the DCI (e.g., a scheduling assignment,an uplink grant, power control, a slot format indication, a downlinkpreemption, and/or the like).

The UE may transmit uplink control signaling (e.g., uplink controlinformation (UCI)) to a base station. The uplink control signaling maycomprise hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgements forreceived DL-SCH transport blocks. The UE may transmit the HARQacknowledgements after receiving a DL-SCH transport block. Uplinkcontrol signaling may comprise channel state information (CSI)indicating channel quality of a physical downlink channel. The UE maytransmit the CSI to the base station. The base station, based on thereceived CSI, may determine transmission format parameters (e.g.,comprising multi-antenna and beamforming schemes) for a downlinktransmission. Uplink control signaling may comprise scheduling requests(SR). The UE may transmit an SR indicating that uplink data is availablefor transmission to the base station. The UE may transmit a UCI (e.g.,HARQ acknowledgements (HARQ-ACK), CSI report, SR, and the like) via aphysical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a physical uplink sharedchannel (PUSCH). The UE may transmit the uplink control signaling via aPUCCH using one of several PUCCH formats.

There may be five PUCCH formats and the UE may determine a PUCCH formatbased on a size of the UCI (e.g., a number of uplink symbols of UCItransmission and a number of UCI bits). PUCCH format 0 may have a lengthof one or two OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE maytransmit UCI in a PUCCH resource using PUCCH format 0 if thetransmission is over one or two symbols and the number of HARQ-ACKinformation bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK/SR bits) is oneor two. PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number between four and fourteenOFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may use PUCCHformat 1 if the transmission is four or more symbols and the number ofHARQ-ACK/SR bits is one or two. PUCCH format 2 may occupy one or twoOFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCHformat 2 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the numberof UCI bits is two or more. PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number betweenfour and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. TheUE may use PUCCH format 3 if the transmission is four or more symbols,the number of UCI bits is two or more and PUCCH resource does notinclude an orthogonal cover code. PUCCH format 4 may occupy a numberbetween four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than twobits. The UE may use PUCCH format 4 if the transmission is four or moresymbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and the PUCCH resourceincludes an orthogonal cover code.

The base station may transmit configuration parameters to the UE for aplurality of PUCCH resource sets using, for example, an RRC message. Theplurality of PUCCH resource sets (e.g., up to four sets) may beconfigured on an uplink BWP of a cell. A PUCCH resource set may beconfigured with a PUCCH resource set index, a plurality of PUCCHresources with a PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resourceidentifier (e.g., pucch-Resourceid), and/or a number (e.g. a maximumnumber) of UCI information bits the UE may transmit using one of theplurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. When configuredwith a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may select one of theplurality of PUCCH resource sets based on a total bit length of the UCIinformation bits (e.g., HARQ-ACK, SR, and/or CSI). If the total bitlength of UCI information bits is two or fewer, the UE may select afirst PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “0”.If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than two andless than or equal to a first configured value, the UE may select asecond PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to“1”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than thefirst configured value and less than or equal to a second configuredvalue, the UE may select a third PUCCH resource set having a PUCCHresource set index equal to “2”. If the total bit length of UCIinformation bits is greater than the second configured value and lessthan or equal to a third value (e.g., 1406), the UE may select a fourthPUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to

After determining a PUCCH resource set from a plurality of PUCCHresource sets, the UE may determine a PUCCH resource from the PUCCHresource set for UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI, and/or SR) transmission. The UE maydetermine the PUCCH resource based on a PUCCH resource indicator in aDCI (e.g., with a DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1) received on a PDCCH. Athree-bit PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI may indicate one of eightPUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. Based on the PUCCH resourceindicator, the UE may transmit the UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI and/or SR) using aPUCCH resource indicated by the PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device 1502 incommunication with a base station 1504 in accordance with embodiments ofthe present disclosure. The wireless device 1502 and base station 1504may be part of a mobile communication network, such as the mobilecommunication network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobilecommunication network 150 illustrated in FIG. 1B, or any othercommunication network. Only one wireless device 1502 and one basestation 1504 are illustrated in FIG. 15 , but it will be understood thata mobile communication network may include more than one UE and/or morethan one base station, with the same or similar configuration as thoseshown in FIG. 15 .

The base station 1504 may connect the wireless device 1502 to a corenetwork (not shown) through radio communications over the air interface(or radio interface) 1506. The communication direction from the basestation 1504 to the wireless device 1502 over the air interface 1506 isknown as the downlink, and the communication direction from the wirelessdevice 1502 to the base station 1504 over the air interface is known asthe uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplinktransmissions using FDD, TDD, and/or some combination of the twoduplexing techniques.

In the downlink, data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 from thebase station 1504 may be provided to the processing system 1508 of thebase station 1504. The data may be provided to the processing system1508 by, for example, a core network. In the uplink, data to be sent tothe base station 1504 from the wireless device 1502 may be provided tothe processing system 1518 of the wireless device 1502. The processingsystem 1508 and the processing system 1518 may implement layer 3 andlayer 2 OSI functionality to process the data for transmission. Layer 2may include an SDAP layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, and a MAC layer,for example, with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4A.Layer 3 may include an RRC layer as with respect to FIG. 2B.

After being processed by processing system 1508, the data to be sent tothe wireless device 1502 may be provided to a transmission processingsystem 1510 of base station 1504. Similarly, after being processed bythe processing system 1518, the data to be sent to base station 1504 maybe provided to a transmission processing system 1520 of the wirelessdevice 1502. The transmission processing system 1510 and thetransmission processing system 1520 may implement layer 1 OSIfunctionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A,FIG. 2B, FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4A. For transmit processing, the PHY layermay perform, for example, forward error correction coding of transportchannels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping of transport channels tophysical channels, modulation of physical channel, multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

At the base station 1504, a reception processing system 1512 may receivethe uplink transmission from the wireless device 1502. At the wirelessdevice 1502, a reception processing system 1522 may receive the downlinktransmission from base station 1504. The reception processing system1512 and the reception processing system 1522 may implement layer 1 OSIfunctionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A,FIG. 2B, FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4A. For receive processing, the PHY layer mayperform, for example, error detection, forward error correctiondecoding, deinterleaving, demapping of transport channels to physicalchannels, demodulation of physical channels, MIMO or multi-antennaprocessing, and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 15 , a wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504may include multiple antennas. The multiple antennas may be used toperform one or more MIMO or multi-antenna techniques, such as spatialmultiplexing (e.g., single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO),transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming. In other examples, thewireless device 1502 and/or the base station 1504 may have a singleantenna.

The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may beassociated with a memory 1514 and a memory 1524, respectively. Memory1514 and memory 1524 (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readablemediums) may store computer program instructions or code that may beexecuted by the processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518to carry out one or more of the functionalities discussed in the presentapplication. Although not shown in FIG. 15 , the transmission processingsystem 1510, the transmission processing system 1520, the receptionprocessing system 1512, and/or the reception processing system 1522 maybe coupled to a memory (e.g., one or more non-transitory computerreadable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that maybe executed to carry out one or more of their respectivefunctionalities.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 maycomprise one or more controllers and/or one or more processors. The oneor more controllers and/or one or more processors may comprise, forexample, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP),a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), afield programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logicdevice, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. The processingsystem 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may perform at least oneof signal coding/processing, data processing, power control,input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enablethe wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 to operate in awireless environment.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may beconnected to one or more peripherals 1516 and one or more peripherals1526, respectively. The one or more peripherals 1516 and the one or moreperipherals 1526 may include software and/or hardware that providefeatures and/or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, akeypad, a display, a touchpad, a power source, a satellite transceiver,a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequencymodulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, anelectronic control unit (e.g., for a motor vehicle), and/or one or moresensors (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, aradar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, acamera, and/or the like). The processing system 1508 and/or theprocessing system 1518 may receive user input data from and/or provideuser output data to the one or more peripherals 1516 and/or the one ormore peripherals 1526. The processing system 1518 in the wireless device1502 may receive power from a power source and/or may be configured todistribute the power to the other components in the wireless device1502. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, forexample, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combinationthereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518may be connected to a GPS chipset 1517 and a GPS chipset 1527,respectively. The GPS chipset 1517 and the GPS chipset 1527 may beconfigured to provide geographic location information of the wirelessdevice 1502 and the base station 1504, respectively.

FIG. 16A illustrates an example structure for uplink transmission. Abaseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel mayperform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise atleast one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generatecomplex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbolsonto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generatecomplex-valued symbols; precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mappingof precoded complex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation ofcomplex-valued time-domain Single Carrier-Frequency Division MultipleAccess (SC-FDMA) or CP-OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like.In an example, when transform precoding is enabled, a SC-FDMA signal foruplink transmission may be generated. In an example, when transformprecoding is not enabled, an CP-OFDM signal for uplink transmission maybe generated by FIG. 16A. These functions are illustrated as examplesand it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented invarious embodiments.

FIG. 16B illustrates an example structure for modulation andup-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The basebandsignal may be a complex-valued SC-FDMA or CP-OFDM baseband signal for anantenna port and/or a complex-valued Physical Random Access Channel(PRACH) baseband signal. Filtering may be employed prior totransmission.

FIG. 16C illustrates an example structure for downlink transmissions. Abaseband signal representing a physical downlink channel may perform oneor more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling ofcoded bits in a codeword to be transmitted on a physical channel;modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulationsymbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one orseveral transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulationsymbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping ofcomplex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resourceelements; generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for anantenna port; and/or the like. These functions are illustrated asexamples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implementedin various embodiments.

FIG. 16D illustrates another example structure for modulation andup-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The basebandsignal may be a complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port.Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

A wireless device may receive from a base station one or more messages(e.g. RRC messages) comprising configuration parameters of a pluralityof cells (e.g. primary cell, secondary cell). The wireless device maycommunicate with at least one base station (e.g. two or more basestations in dual-connectivity) via the plurality of cells. The one ormore messages (e.g. as a part of the configuration parameters) maycomprise parameters of physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers forconfiguring the wireless device. For example, the configurationparameters may comprise parameters for configuring physical and MAClayer channels, bearers, etc. For example, the configuration parametersmay comprise parameters indicating values of timers for physical, MAC,RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers, and/or communication channels.

A timer may begin running once it is started and continue running untilit is stopped or until it expires. A timer may be started if it is notrunning or restarted if it is running. A timer may be associated with avalue (e.g. the timer may be started or restarted from a value or may bestarted from zero and expire once it reaches the value). The duration ofa timer may not be updated until the timer is stopped or expires (e.g.,due to BWP switching). A timer may be used to measure a timeperiod/window for a process. When the specification refers to animplementation and procedure related to one or more timers, it will beunderstood that there are multiple ways to implement the one or moretimers. For example, it will be understood that one or more of themultiple ways to implement a timer may be used to measure a timeperiod/window for the procedure. For example, a random access responsewindow timer may be used for measuring a window of time for receiving arandom access response. In an example, instead of starting and expiry ofa random access response window timer, the time difference between twotime stamps may be used. When a timer is restarted, a process formeasurement of time window may be restarted. Other exampleimplementations may be provided to restart a measurement of a timewindow.

FIG. 17 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure asper an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. Thebeam failure detection and recovery procedure may comprise a beamfailure detection (BFD) procedure (e.g., first step of the beam failuredetection and recovery procedure) and a beam failure recovery (BFR)procedure (e.g., second step of the beam failure detection and recoveryprocedure). A wireless device may receive, from a base station, one ormore RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of the beamfailure detection and recovery procedure. The configuration parametersmay indicate a first reference signal (RS) set (e.g., RS set q0) forbeam failure detection of the BFD procedure. The first RS set maycomprise one or more first RSs. Each of the one or more first RSs may bea periodic RS. The configuration parameters may indicate a second RS set(e.g., ql) for candidate beam selection of the BFR procedure. The secondRS set may comprise one or more second RSs. Each of the one or moresecond RSs may be a periodic RS. The configuration parameters mayindicate a beam failure instance threshold. The configuration parametersmay indicate a beam failure detection threshold for the beam failuredetection based on the first RS set.

The configuration parameters may indicate a candidate beam selectionthreshold for candidate beam selection based on the second RS set. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate a first control resource set(CORESET). The first CORESET may be associated with the beam failuredetection and recovery procedure (e.g., the first CORESET may be usedfor a transmission of random access response of the BFR procedure). Thefirst CORESET may comprise multiple RBs in the frequency domain and atleast one symbol in the time domain. The configuration parameters mayindicate one or more PRACH resources associated with the second RS set(e.g., ql) for candidate beam selection of the BFR procedure. The one ormore PRACH resources may comprise at least one of: one or morepreambles; and/or one or more random access occasions (e.g., in timedomain and frequency domain). Each RS of second RS set (e.g., ql) may beassociated with a preamble and/or a random access occasion of the one ormore random access occasions. The first RS set may comprise one or morefirst CSI-RSs, and/or one or more first SSBs. The second RS set maycomprise one or more second CSI-RSs, and/or one or more second SSBs. Thewireless device may detect at least one beam failure (e.g., detecting anumber of beam failure instances being equal to or greater than the beamfailure instance threshold within a first time window) based onmeasurements of the first RS set (e.g., RS set q0) for the beam failuredetection procedure.

In an example, the wireless device may detect the at least one beamfailure in response to the wireless device detecting the number of beamfailure instances within the first time window (or before a beam failuredetection timer expires) (e.g., contiguously detected within the firsttime window by the wireless device). The number of beam failureinstances may be equal to or greater than the beam failure instancethreshold. The wireless device may trigger the BFR procedure in responseto detecting the at least one beam failure during the beam failuredetection procedure. The wireless device may start a BFR timer inresponse to detecting the at least one beam failure of the beam failuredetection procedure. In an example, upon expiration of the beam failurerecovery timer, the wireless device may switch to a contention basedrandom access procedure in response to random access response being notsuccessfully received by the wireless device. In an example, thewireless device may indicate random access problem to the RRC layer(e.g., the BFR timer being running) in response to: random accessresponse of the BFR procedure being not successfully received by thewireless device; and a value, of preamble transmission counter, beingequal to a threshold value (e.g., configured by the one or more RRCmessages) and plus one.

The wireless device may determine a beam failure instance in response toa quality of a beam pair link (or a channel) being less than aconfigured threshold. For example, the wireless device may determine thebeam failure instance in response to the RSRP value (or SINR value) ofthe beam pair link being less than a first threshold. For example, thewireless device may determine the beam failure instance in response tothe BLER (block error rate) of the beam pair link being greater than asecond threshold. The configuration parameters may indicate the firstthreshold. The configuration parameters may indicate the secondthreshold. The beam failure detection threshold may comprise the firstthreshold and/or the second threshold. In an example, sporadic beamfailure instance(s) may not trigger the BFR procedure. The wirelessdevice may select a candidate RS (or candidate beam) from the second RSset (e.g., RS set ql) in response to the wireless device detecting theat least one beam failure. The wireless device may transmit at least onefirst BFRQ signal to the base station in response to the selection ofthe candidate RS (or the candidate beam).

The wireless device may start a response window in response totransmitting the at least one first BFRQ signal. The at least one firstBRRQ signal may comprise a preamble associated with the candidate RS (orthe candidate beam). The at least one first BFRQ signal may comprise aPRACH preamble transmitted via a random access occasion of the one ormore PRACH resources. In an example, the response window may comprise atimer with a value configured by the base station (e.g., via the one ormore RRC messages). If the response window is running, the wirelessdevice may monitor a PDCCH in the first CORESET. In an example, thewireless device may monitor the PDCCH in the first CORESET in responseto transmitting the at least one first BFRQ signal. The wireless devicemay receive a first DCI via the PDCCH in the first CORESET if theresponse window is running (or within the response window). The wirelessdevice may consider the BFR procedure successfully completed in responseto receiving the first DCI via the PDCCH in the first CORESET before theresponse window expires (or within the response window).

The wireless device may stop the BFR timer and/or stop the responsewindow in response to the BFR procedure being successfully completed. Inan example, when the response window expires, and the wireless devicemay not receive the first DCI via the PDCCH in the first CORESET, thewireless device may, before the BFR timer expires, perform one or moreactions comprising at least one of: a BFRQ signal transmission, startingthe response window, and monitoring the PDCCH. In an example, thewireless device may repeat the one or more actions until the BFRprocedure is successfully completed or the BFR timer expires. In anexample, when the BFR timer expires, and the wireless device may notreceive the first DCI via the PDCCH in the first CORESET, the wirelessdevice may switch to a contention based random access procedure. In anexample, when the number of transmissions of BFRQ signals being greaterthan a configured number (e.g., configured via the one or more RRCmessages), the wireless device may indicate random access problems ofthe BFR procedure (or indicate the failure of the BFR procedure) to theRRC layer or higher layer.

In an example, the physical layer of the wireless device may measure thefirst RS set (e.g., RS set q0) for the beam failure detection. Thephysical layer may indicate one or more beam failure instances (or oneor more beam non-failure instances) periodically to the MAC entity ofthe wireless device based on the beam failure detection threshold. Thephysical layer may indicate a beam failure instance to higher layer(e.g., MAC layer) in response to the measured channel quality (e.g.,RSRP or SINR) of each RS of the first RS set (e.g., RS set q0) beingless than the beam failure detection threshold. In an example, thephysical layer may indicate the beam failure instance to the MAC entityin response to the measured channel quality (e.g., RSRP or SINR) of allthe RSs of the first RS set (e.g., RS set q0) being less than the beamfailure detection threshold. In an example, the physical layer mayindicate a beam non-failure instance in response to the measured channelquality (e.g., RSRP or SINR) of at least one of the first RS set (e.g.,RS set q0) being equal to or greater than the beam failure detectionthreshold. The periodicity of the indication may be a value configuredby the base station (e.g., via the one or more RRC messages). In anexample, the periodicity of the indication may be the same as theperiodicity of transmission of RSs of the first RS set (e.g., RS setq0).

In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may set a beamfailure instance counter (e.g., to one) in response to receiving a firstbeam failure instance from the physical layer. In response to receivinga contiguous second beam failure instance, the MAC entity may incrementthe beam failure instance counter (e.g., by one). In an example, whenreceiving a third beam non-failure instance, the MAC entity may resetthe beam failure instance counter (e.g., set the beam failure instancecounter to zero). In response to receiving the first beam failureinstance from the physical layer, the MAC entity may start (or restart)a first timer associated with a first number. In response to receivingthe third beam non-failure instance from the physical layer, the MACentity may restart the first timer. When the first timer expires, andthe beam failure instance counter may indicate a value less than thefirst number, the MAC entity may not trigger the BFR procedure.

In an example, the MAC entity may reset the beam failure instancecounter (e.g., set the beam failure instance counter to zero) inresponse to the first timer expiring, and/or the beam failure instancecounter indicating the value less than the first number. In an example,the MAC entity may reset the first timer in response to the first timerexpiring and/or the beam failure instance counter indicating the valueless than the first number. In an example, in response to the beamfailure instance counter indicating a value equal to or greater than thefirst number (or the MAC entity receiving the first number of contiguousbeam failure instances, from the physical layer, indicating a valueequal to or greater than the first number before the first timerexpiring), the wireless device may determine a beam failure (e.g., basedon all RSs of the first RS set). In response to the beam failure, theMAC entity (of the wireless device) may trigger the BFR procedure (e.g.,transmitting a BFRQ signal to the base station). In an example, inresponse to triggering the BFR procedure, the MAC entity may perform atleast one of: resetting the beam failure instance counter (e.g., tozero), resetting the first timer, and/or indicating to the physicallayer to stop beam failure instance indication.

In an example, the MAC entity may ignore the periodic beam failureinstance indication in response to triggering the BFR procedure. In anexample, the physical layer of the wireless device may measure channelquality of at least one of the second RS set (e.g., RS set ql) inresponse to detecting the at least one beam failure. The physical layermay select the at least one RS (or beam) from the second RS set based onthe candidate beam selection threshold. In an example, the at least oneRS (or beam) may be identified by a CSI-RS resource index or an SSBindex. In an example, the physical layer may select the at least one RS(or beam) in response to the measured channel quality (e.g., RSRP orSINR) of the at least one RS (or beam) being greater than the candidatebeam selection threshold. In an example, the physical layer of thewireless device may not indicate the at least one RS (or beam) to theMAC entity of the wireless device periodically. In an example, thephysical layer of the wireless device may indicate the at least one RS(or beam) to the MAC entity of the wireless device in response toreceiving the request from the MAC entity of the wireless device.

In the example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may instruct thephysical layer of the wireless device to transmit a BFRQ signal inresponse to the MAC entity of the wireless device having the at leastone RS (or beam) available when triggering the BFR procedure. In anexample, the MAC entity of the wireless device may select at least oneBFRQ signal based on the at least one RS (or beam) and instruct thephysical layer to transmit the at least one BFRQ signal to the basestation in response to receiving the indication of the at least one RS(or beam) from the physical layer of the wireless device. In an example,the at least one BFRQ signal may comprise a PRACH preamble associatedwith the at least one RS (or beam). In an example, the wireless devicemay start monitoring a PDCCH for receiving a DCI, at least in the firstCORESET, after a period since transmitting the at least one BFRQ signal.The period may comprise a fixed period (e.g., four slots), or aconfigured value by the base station via the one or more RRC messages.

In existing technologies, a wireless device may perform beam failuredetection procedure based on a plurality of periodic BFD RSs (e.g., thefirst RS set q0). For example, the physical layer of the wireless devicemay indicate beam failure instance to the MAC entity of the wirelessdevice in response to channel quality of each RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs being less than the beam failure detection threshold.The wireless device may perform beam failure recovery procedure based ona plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., the second RS set ql). Forexample, the wireless device may select a candidate RS from theplurality of periodic CBS RSs in response to the wireless devicedetermining a beam failure based on the plurality of periodic BFD RSs.The wireless device may transmit a BFRQ signal associated with thecandidate RS to the base station. Transmissions of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs may not beguaranteed by the base station if the base station needs to perform alisten before talk (LBT) procedure before the transmissions (e.g.,deployed on shared spectrum) of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/orthe plurality of periodic CBS RSs as illustrated in FIG. 18 .

In an example, the base station may determine a LBT procedure failurefor a transmission of one or more RSs of the plurality of periodic BFDRSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., at time T2 in FIG.18 ). For example, the LBT procedure failure for the transmission of theone or more RSs may be out of a channel occupancy time (COT) (e.g., 2 ndCOT). The wireless device may not receive the one or more RSs of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs(e.g., at time T2 in FIG. 18 ), which may impact the beam failuredetection procedure and/or the beam failure recovery procedure. Forexample, the physical layer of the wireless device may indicate beamfailure instance to the MAC entity of the wireless device in response tothe LBT procedure failure, which may trigger the beam failure recoveryprocedure even though the channel quality of the plurality of periodicBFD RSs is still available for the wireless device. For example, thephysical layer of the wireless device may not select a candidate RS fromthe plurality of periodic CBS RSs in response to the LBT procedurefailure for transmission of the one or more RSs, which may not triggerthe beam failure recovery procedure immediately after the determinationof the beam failure and may introduce significant latency for the beamfailure recovery procedure even though the channel quality of theplurality of periodic CBS RSs is still available for the wirelessdevice.

By implementing the existing technologies of the beam failure detectionand recovery procedure based on the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/orthe plurality of periodic CBS RSs, the performance of the beam failuredetection and/or the beam failure recovery may be significantly impactedby the unreliable LBT procedure of the base station on shared spectrum(e.g., 52.6-71 GHz and higher shared spectrum bands). A promisingapproach to reduce the impact of the LBT procedure failures of the basestation side may comprise using an aperiodic RS to patch a periodic RSof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodicCBS RSs if a LBT procedure failure happens before the transmission ofthe periodic RS in the base station side. Additionally, the wirelessdevice may receive a wireless device dedicated DCI triggering theaperiodic RS for patching the periodic RS in the LBT procedure failure,which may significantly increase the signaling overhead in physicallayer and the power consumption of PDCCH monitoring of the wirelessdevice dedicated DCI for the wireless device. There is a need to enhancethe operation efficiency of beam failure detection and recoveryprocedure based on the aperiodic patch RS, with lower signaling overheadand low detection complexity for the wireless device and the basestation, for example, based on different capabilities of wirelessdevices, different behaviors of wireless device to determine beamfailures, different aperiodic RS patch modes, different aperiodic RSconfigurations, different LBT sub-bands in frequency domain, differentindication information from physical layer to MAC layer, and/or thelike.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failuredetection (BFD) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic BFDreference signals (RS s). The one or more configuration parameters mayindicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs. The one or more configurationparameters may indicate an association, between the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs, indicating thateach of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is quasi collocated withrespective one or more of the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs. Thewireless device may determine that at least one periodic BFD RS of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs is not received due to a failure of alisten before talk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device may determine atleast one aperiodic BFD RS from the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs basedon the association and the at least one periodic BFD RS not beingreceived. The wireless device may perform the BFD procedure based on theat least one aperiodic BFD RS. The wireless device may avoid triggeringbeam failure recovery procedure due to a failure of a LBT procedure inbase station side, which reduces physical layer signaling overhead andpower consumption of beam failure detection and recovery procedure forthe wireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failurerecovery (BFR) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic referencesignals (RSs) for candidate beam selection. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSsfor candidate beam selection. The one or more configuration parametersmay indicate an association, between the plurality of periodic RS s andthe plurality of aperiodic RS s, indicating that each of the pluralityof periodic RSs is quasi collocated with respective one or more of theplurality of aperiodic RSs. The wireless device may determine that atleast one periodic RS of the plurality of periodic RSs is not receiveddue to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wirelessdevice may determine at least one aperiodic RS from the plurality ofaperiodic RSs based on the association and the at least one periodic RSnot being received. The wireless device may perform the BFR procedurebased on the at least one aperiodic RS. The wireless device may avoidtriggering beam failure recovery procedure with a long latency due to afailure of a LBT procedure in base station side, which speeds up thecandidate beam selection and increases performance of the beam failurerecovery procedure.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failuredetection (BFD) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic BFDreference signals (RS s). The one or more configuration parameters mayindicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs. The one or more configurationparameters may indicate a time window for beam failure detection. Thewireless device may determine that at least one periodic BFD RS of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs is not received due to a failure of alisten before talk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device may determine,based on the at least one periodic BFD RS not being received, at leastone aperiodic BFD RS from one or more aperiodic BFD RSs, of theplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs, within the time window beginning fromthe end of last symbol of the at least one periodic BFD RS. The wirelessdevice may perform the BFD procedure based on the at least one aperiodicBFD RS. The wireless device may avoid triggering beam failure recoveryprocedure due to a failure of a LBT procedure in base station side,which reduces physical layer signaling overhead and power consumption ofbeam failure detection and recovery procedure for the wireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failurerecovery (BFR) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic referencesignals (RSs) for candidate beam selection. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSsfor candidate beam selection. The one or more configuration parametersmay indicate a time window for candidate beam selection. The wirelessdevice may determine that at least one periodic RS of the plurality ofperiodic RSs is not received due to a failure of a listen before talk(LBT) procedure. The wireless device may determine, based on the atleast one periodic RS not being received, at least one aperiodic RS fromone or more aperiodic RSs, of the plurality of aperiodic RSs, within thetime window beginning from the end of last symbol of the at least oneperiodic RS. The wireless device may perform the BFR procedure based onthe at least one aperiodic RS. The wireless device may avoid triggeringbeam failure recovery procedure with a long latency due to a failure ofa LBT procedure in base station side, which speeds up the candidate beamselection and increases performance of the beam failure recoveryprocedure.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failuredetection (BFD) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic BFDreference signals (RSs). The one or more configuration parameters mayindicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs. The one or more configurationparameters may indicate a frequency range for beam failure detection.The wireless device may determine that at least one periodic BFD RS ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs is not received due to a failure of alisten before talk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device may determine,based on the at least one periodic BFD RS not being received, at leastone aperiodic BFD RS from one or more aperiodic BFD RSs, of theplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs, within the frequency range beginningfrom the end of last resource block of the at least one periodic BFD RS.The wireless device may perform the BFD procedure based on the at leastone aperiodic BFD RS. The wireless device may avoid triggering beamfailure recovery procedure due to a failure of a LBT procedure in basestation side, which reduces physical layer signaling overhead and powerconsumption of beam failure detection and recovery procedure for thewireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failurerecovery (BFR) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic referencesignals (RSs) for candidate beam selection. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSsfor candidate beam selection. The one or more configuration parametersmay indicate a frequency range for candidate beam selection. Thewireless device may determine that at least one periodic RS of theplurality of periodic RSs is not received due to a failure of a listenbefore talk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device may determine, based onthe at least one periodic RS not being received, at least one aperiodicRS from one or more aperiodic RSs, of the plurality of aperiodic RSs,within the frequency range beginning from the end of last resource blockof the at least one periodic RS. The wireless device may perform the BFRprocedure based on the at least one aperiodic RS. The wireless devicemay avoid triggering beam failure recovery procedure with a long latencydue to a failure of a LBT procedure in base station side, which speedsup the candidate beam selection and increases performance of the beamfailure recovery procedure.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving one or more configuration parameters of a beam failuredetection (BFD) procedure from a base station. The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic BFDreference signals (RSs). The wireless device may determine that at leastone periodic BFD RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is not receiveddue to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wirelessdevice may receive a downlink control information indicating a channeloccupancy time (COT) duration and at least one aperiodic BFD RS. Thewireless device may perform the BFD procedure based on the at least oneaperiodic BFD RS in response to the at least one periodic BFD RS notbeing received. The wireless device may avoid triggering beam failurerecovery procedure due to a failure of a LBT procedure in base stationside, which reduces physical layer signaling overhead and powerconsumption of beam failure detection and recovery procedure for thewireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice transmitting one or more capability parameters of the wirelessdevice to a base station. The one or more capability parameters mayindicate at least one of a first reference signal (RS) association modeand a second RS association mode. The wireless device may receive one ormore messages comprising configuration parameters of a beam failuredetection (BFD) and recovery procedure from the base station. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate one of the first RS associationmode and the second RS association mode. The wireless device may receivefirst RSs for beam failure detection and second RSs for candidate beamselection. The wireless device may perform one or more of: a beamfailure detection procedure based on the first RSs and the one of thefirst RS association mode and the second RS association mode; or acandidate beam selection procedure based on the second RSs and the oneof the first RS association mode and the second RS association mode. Thewireless device may avoid triggering beam failure recovery procedure dueto a failure of a LBT procedure in base station side and may speed upthe candidate beam selection, which reduces physical layer signalingoverhead and power consumption of beam failure detection and recoveryprocedure for the wireless device.

FIG. 19 illustrates an association between periodic reference signals(RSs) and aperiodic RSs based on a time window as per an aspect of anexample embodiment of the present disclosure. A wireless device mayreceive, from a base station, configuration parameters indicatingperiodic RSs (e.g., periodic BFD RSs or periodic CBS RSs), and anassociation between the periodic RSs and the aperiodic RSs, indicatingthat each of the periodic RSs is quasi collocated with respective one ormore of the aperiodic RSs. In an embodiment, the configurationparameters may indicate a time window associated with the periodic RS s.For example, the configuration parameters may be for a BFD procedure,the time window may be for beam failure detection, and the periodic RSsmay be periodic BFD RSs. For example, the configuration parameters maybe for a BFR procedure, the time window may be for beam failurerecovery, and the periodic RSs may be periodic CBS RSs.

The base station may perform a listen before talk (LBT) procedure beforetransmitting a plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or a plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs to a wireless device. The wireless device may receive,from the base station, one or more RSs of the plurality of periodic BFDRSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs during a channel occupancytime (COT). For example, the wireless device may receive, from the basestation, a first (1 st) periodic RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsand/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs during a first (1 st) COT(e.g., at time T1). The wireless device may not receive, from the basestation, a second (2 nd) periodic RS of the plurality of periodic BFDRSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs in response to an LBTfailure for the transmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS (e.g., attime T2 and the LBT failure in the base station side). Each of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSsmay be a synchronization signal block (SSB) or a channel stationinformation reference signal (CSI-RS). The first (1 st) periodic RS orthe second (2 nd) periodic RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs maybe the first RS set (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). The first (1 st)periodic RS or the second (2 nd) periodic RS of the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs may be the second RS set (e.g., as illustrated in FIG.17 ). Each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs (e.g., the first (1 st) periodic RS or the second (2nd) periodic RS) may be associated with one or more aperiodic RSs (or aplurality of aperiodic RSs). Each of the one or more aperiodic RSs (orthe plurality of aperiodic RSs) may be an SSB or a CSI-RS.

In some embodiments, the association between each of the plurality ofperiodic RSs (e.g., periodic BFD RSs or periodic CBS RSs) and the one ormore aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs) may indicate eachperiodic RS being associated with one or more aperiodic RSs. In someembodiments, the association may indicate at least one of the one ormore aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs), associated witha periodic RS, being transmitted by the base station in response to theLBT failure of the transmission of the periodic RS, of the plurality ofRSs. In some embodiments, the association may indicate that the one ormore aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs), associated withthe periodic RS, as being not transmitted by the base station inresponse to the LBT success (i.e., without LBT failure) of thetransmission of the periodic RS, of the plurality of RSs.

The one or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs) may beconfigured (e.g., by the base station via RRC messages) within a timewindow beginning from the end of last OFDM symbol of each periodic RS ofthe plurality of periodic RSs (e.g., periodic BFD RSs or periodic CBSRSs). The association may indicate the one or more aperiodic RSs (or theplurality of aperiodic RSs) being within the time window beginning fromthe end of last OFDM symbol of the each of the plurality of periodicRSs.

In an example, the first (1 st) periodic RS of the plurality of periodicRSs (e.g., periodic BFD RSs or periodic CBS RSs) may be associated withthree (1 st) aperiodic RSs. The association between the first (1 st)periodic RS and the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs may indicate at least oneof the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs being transmitted by the base stationin response to the LBT failure for transmission of the first (1 st)periodic RS (e.g., without an LBT failure for transmission of the atleast one of the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs). The association betweenthe first (1 st) periodic RS and the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs mayindicate each of the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs being not transmitted bythe base station in response to no LBT failure (i.e., LBT success) fortransmission of the first (1 st) periodic RS. The association mayindicate the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs being within the time windowbeginning from the end of last OFDM symbol of the first (1 st) periodicRS. The first (1 st) periodic RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsmay be the first RS set (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). The first (1st) periodic RS of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs may be the secondRS set (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). As an example, the wirelessdevice may not receive the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs in response to LBTsuccess (i.e., no LBT failure) for transmission of the first (1 st)periodic RS.

In an example, the second (2 nd) periodic RS of the plurality ofperiodic RSs (e.g., periodic BFD RSs or periodic CBS RSs) may beassociated with three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs. The association between thesecond (2 nd) periodic RS and the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs mayindicate at least one of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs beingtransmitted by the base station in response to the LBT failure fortransmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS. The association betweenthe second (2 nd) periodic RS and the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs mayindicate each of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs being not transmitted bythe base station in response to LBT success for transmission of thesecond (2 nd) periodic RS. The association may indicate the three (2 nd)aperiodic RSs being within the time window beginning from the end oflast OFDM symbol of the second (2 nd) periodic RS. In an example, thewireless device may receive one of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs (e.g.,at time T3 and within 2nd COT) in response to the LBT failure fortransmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS (e.g., in the base stationside). In an example, the wireless device may not receive each of thethree (2 nd) aperiodic RSs in response to LBT failure for transmissionof the second (2 nd) periodic RS. The second (2 nd) periodic RS of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs may be the first RS set (e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 17 ). The second (2 nd) periodic RS of the pluralityof periodic CBS RSs may be the second RS set (e.g., as illustrated inFIG. 17 ).

In an example, the base station may transmit, with different priorities,the one or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs)associated with the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs in response to LBT failure fortransmission of the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs. For example, an RS, of the one or moreaperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs), with a less timeoffset from the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs may have a higher priority. The basestation may transmit an RS with the highest priority, of one or more RSsof the one or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs),during a COT comprising the one or more RSs in response to the LBTfailure for transmission of the each of the plurality of periodic BFDRSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. In an example, the basestation may transmit only one RS with the highest priority, of one ormore RSs of the one or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodicRSs), during the COT comprising the one or more RSs in response to LBTfailure for transmission of the each of the plurality of periodic BFDRSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. For example, the 2nd COTmay comprise two aperiodic RSs of the one or more aperiodic RSs. Thebase station may transmit an aperiodic RS, with the highest priority, ofthe two aperiodic RSs within the 2nd COT and the time window. In anexample, the time window may be equal to or less than the periodicity ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RS s and/or the plurality of periodic CBSRSs. In an example, the wireless device may receive a downlink controlinformation (e.g., during the time window) indicating (or triggering)the one or more aperiodic RSs. The wireless device may perform beamfailure detection or candidate beam selection based on the one or moreaperiodic RSs indicated (or triggered) by the downlink controlinformation within the time window. The wireless device may receive thedownlink control information within the COT. The downlink controlinformation may be a wireless device dedicated downlink controlinformation (e.g., targeting to be received by the wireless device) orgroup common downlink control information (e.g., targeting to bereceived by a group of wireless devices comprising the wireless device).

FIG. 20 illustrates an association between periodic reference signals(RSs) and aperiodic RSs as per an aspect of an example embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Each of the plurality of periodic BFD RS s and/orthe plurality of periodic CBS RS s may be associated with one or moreaperiodic RSs (or a plurality of aperiodic RSs) (e.g., as illustrated inFIG. 19 ). Each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs may be the first RSset (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). Each of the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs may be the second RS set (e.g., as illustrated in FIG.17 ). The association between each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsand/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one or more aperiodicRSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs) may indicate the each of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSsbeing quasi collocated with the one or more aperiodic RSs (or theplurality of aperiodic RSs). In an example, the quasi collocationbetween each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the pluralityof periodic CBS RS s and the one or more aperiodic RS s (or theplurality of aperiodic RSs) may indicate the each of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs beingtransmitted (by a base station) with a same beam (or a same spatialfilter) as transmission (by the base station) of the one or moreaperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs).

In an example, the quasi collocation between each of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one ormore aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RS s) may indicate theeach of the plurality of periodic BFD RS s and/or the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs being received (by a wireless device) with a same beam(or a same spatial filter) as reception (by the wireless device) of theone or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs). In anexample, the base station may transmit the first (1 st) periodic RS andthe three (1 st) aperiodic RSs with a same beam (or a same spatialfilter) to the wireless device. In an example, the wireless device mayreceive the first (1 st) periodic RS and the three (1 st) aperiodic RSswith a same beam (or a same spatial filter) from the base station. In anexample, the base station may transmit the second (2 nd) periodic RS andthe three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs with a same beam (or a same spatialfilter) to the wireless device. In an example, the wireless device mayreceive the second (2 nd) periodic RS and the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSswith a same beam (or a same spatial filter) from the base station. Theassociation between each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one or more aperiodic RSs (or theplurality of aperiodic RSs) in time domain (e.g., within the time windowas illustrated in FIG. 19 or FIG. 20 ) may be a first RS associationmode. The wireless device may perform RSs detection or performmeasurements of RSRP values of RSs (e.g., for the three (1 st) aperiodicRSs; or for the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs) based on the time window.

FIG. 21 illustrates an association between periodic reference signals(RSs) and aperiodic RSs based on a frequency range as per an aspect ofan example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, each ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBSRSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 and/or FIG. 20 ) may be associatedwith the one or more aperiodic RSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19and/or FIG. 20 ) in frequency domain. The base station may transmit theeach of the plurality of periodic BFD RS s and/or the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs and the one or more aperiodic RSs via the same one ormore OFDM symbols, same one or more slots, and/or same one or moresubframes. The base station may transmit the each of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one ormore aperiodic RSs via different frequency resources. For example, thebase station may configure the one or more aperiodic RSs, associatedwith the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RS s and/or the pluralityof periodic CBS RSs, within a frequency range beginning from the end oflast resource block of the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsand/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. In an example, the lastresource block may be a resource block with a highest resource blockindex or with a lowest resource block index of the each of the pluralityof periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. Thefrequency range may comprise one or more sub-bands, one or morebandwidth parts (BWPs), one or more resource blocks (RBs), and/or one ormore LBT sub-bands. The base station may perform an LBT procedure basedon an LBT sub-band, for example, channel clear assessment of the LBTprocedure may be based on the LBT sub-band. The base station may performa LBT procedure on each of LBT sub-band before transmitting the each ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs (and/or the plurality of periodic CBSRSs) or at least one RS, of the one or more aperiodic RSs, within theeach of LBT sub-band.

In an example, the first (1 st) periodic RS of the plurality of periodicBFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs may be associated withthree (1 st) aperiodic RSs. The association between the first (1 st)periodic RS and the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs may indicate at least oneof the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs being transmitted by the base stationin response to the LBT failure for transmission of the first (1 st)periodic RS. The association between the first (1 st) periodic RS andthe three (1 st) aperiodic RSs may indicate each of the three (1 st)aperiodic RSs being not transmitted by the base station in response towithout the LBT failure for transmission of the first (1 st) periodic RS(e.g., at time T1 and within 1st COT). The association may indicate thethree (1 st) aperiodic RS s being within the frequency range beginningfrom the end of the last resource block of the first (1 st) periodic RS.The wireless device may perform RSs detection or perform measurements ofRSRP values of RSs (e.g., for the three (1 st) aperiodic RSs) based onthe frequency range. The wireless device may not receive each of thethree (1 st) aperiodic RSs associate with the first (1 st) periodic RSin response to without LBT failure for transmission of the first (1 st)periodic RS.

In an example, the second (2 nd) periodic RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs may beassociated with three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs. The association between thesecond (2 nd) periodic RS and the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs mayindicate at least one of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs beingtransmitted by the base station in response to the LBT failure fortransmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS. The association betweenthe second (2 nd) periodic RS and the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs mayindicate each of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs being not transmitted bythe base station in response to without the LBT failure for transmissionof the second (2 nd) periodic RS. The association may indicate the three(2 nd) aperiodic RSs being within the frequency range beginning from theend of the last resource block of the second (2 nd) periodic RS. In anexample, the wireless device may receive one of the three (2 nd)aperiodic RSs (e.g., at time T2 and within 2nd COT) in response to theLBT failure for transmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS (e.g., inthe base station side and without LBT failure in transmitting the one ofthe three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs by the base station). In an example, thewireless device may not receive each of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSsin response to without LBT failure for transmission of the second (2 nd)periodic RS.

The wireless device may perform RSs detection or perform measurements ofRSRP values of RSs (e.g., for the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs) based onthe frequency range. The association between the each of the pluralityof periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs and the oneor more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs) may indicatethe each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs being quasi collocated with the one or more aperiodicRSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs). In an example, the quasicollocation between each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one or more aperiodic RSs (or theplurality of aperiodic RS s) may indicate the each of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RS s and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs beingtransmitted (by a base station) with a same beam (or a same spatialfilter) as transmission (by the base station) of the one or moreaperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs).

In an example, the quasi collocation between each of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one ormore aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs) may indicate theeach of the plurality of periodic BFD RS s and/or the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs being received (by a wireless device) with a same beam(or a same spatial filter) as reception (by the wireless device) of theone or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs). In anexample, the base station may transmit the first (1 st) periodic RS andthe three (1 st) aperiodic RSs with a same beam (or a same spatialfilter) to the wireless device. In an example, the wireless device mayreceive the first (1 st) periodic RS and the three (1 st) aperiodic RSswith a same beam (or a same spatial filter) from the base station. In anexample, the base station may transmit the second (2 nd) periodic RS andthe three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs with a same beam (or a same spatialfilter) to the wireless device. In an example, the wireless device mayreceive the second (2 nd) periodic RS and the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSswith a same beam (or a same spatial filter) from the base station. Theassociation between each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one or more aperiodic RSs (or theplurality of aperiodic RSs) in frequency domain (e.g., within thefrequency range as illustrated in FIG. 21 ) may be a second RSassociation mode.

In an example, the base station may transmit, with different priorities,the one or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs)associated with the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs in response to LBT failure fortransmission of the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs. For example, an RS, of the one or moreaperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs), with a less frequencyoffset from the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs may have a higher priority. The basestation may transmit an RS with the highest priority, of one or more RSsof the one or more aperiodic RSs (or the plurality of aperiodic RSs),during an LBT sub-band, with a successful LBT procedure, comprising theone or more RSs in response to LBT failure for transmission of the eachof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodicCBS RSs. In an example, the base station may transmit only one RS withhighest priority, of one or more RSs of the one or more aperiodic RSs(or the plurality of aperiodic RSs), during an LBT sub-band, with asuccessful LBT procedure, comprising the one or more RSs in response toLBT failure for transmission of the each of the plurality of periodicBFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., at time T2 in aLBT successful sub-band).

FIG. 22A illustrates a relationship of reference signal receive power(RSRP) values between periodic RS and aperiodic RSs as per an aspect ofan example embodiment of the present disclosure. A wireless device mayperform measurements of RSRP values of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsand/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. The wireless device mayperform measurements of RSRP values of the one or more aperiodic RSs (orthe plurality of aperiodic RSs) associated with the each of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs(e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 , FIG. 20 , and FIG. 21 ). In anexample, the base station may transmit the first (1 st) periodic RS inresponse to without LBT failure for transmission of the first (1 st)periodic RS. The base station may not transmit each of the three (1 st)aperiodic RSs associated with the first (1 st) periodic RS in responseto without LBT failure for transmission of the first (1 st) periodic RS.The wireless device may measure a first RSRP value of the first (1 st)periodic RS. The wireless device may measure second RSRP values of thethree (1 st) aperiodic RSs associated with the first (1 st) periodic RS.The wireless device may determine a successful LBT procedure for thetransmission of the first (1 st) periodic RS based on RSRP valuedifferences between the first RSRP value and the second RSRP values. Forexample, the wireless device may determine a successful LBT procedurefor the transmission of the first (1 st) periodic RS in response to theRSRP value differences (e.g., the first RSRP value minus each of thesecond RSRP values) being equal to or greater than a RSRP thresholdvalue. The base station may transmit, to the wireless device, RRCmessages comprising configuration parameters indicating the RSRPthreshold value. The wireless device may determine the three (1 st)aperiodic RS s being not transmitted by the base station in response tothe RSRP value differences (e.g., the first RSRP value minus each of thesecond RSRP values) being equal to or greater than the RSRP thresholdvalue.

FIG. 22B illustrates a relationship of reference signal receive power(RSRP) values between periodic RS and aperiodic RSs as per an aspect ofan example embodiment of the present disclosure. A wireless device mayperform measurements of RSRP values of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsand/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. The wireless device mayperform measurements of RSRP values of the one or more aperiodic RSs (orthe plurality of aperiodic RSs) associated with the each of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs(e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 , FIG. 20 , and FIG. 21 ). In anexample, the base station may not transmit the second (2 nd) periodic RSin response to a LBT failure for transmission of the second (2 nd)periodic RS. The base station may transmit one RS of the three (2 nd)aperiodic RSs associated with the second (2 nd) periodic RS in responseto the LBT failure for transmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS(e.g., the one RS with highest priority). The wireless device maymeasure a first RSRP value of the second (2 nd) periodic RS. Thewireless device may measure second RSRP values of the three (2 nd)aperiodic RSs associated with the second (2 nd) periodic RS. Thewireless device may determine the LBT failure for the transmission ofthe second (2 nd) periodic RS based on RSRP value differences betweenthe first RSRP value and the second RSRP values.

For example, the wireless device may determine the LBT failure for thetransmission of the second (2 nd) periodic RS in response to the RSRPvalue differences (e.g., an RSRP value of the one RS of the three (2 nd)aperiodic RSs minus the first RSRP value) being equal to or greater thana RSRP threshold value. The base station may transmit, to the wirelessdevice, RRC messages comprising configuration parameters indicating theRSRP threshold value. The wireless device may determine the second (2nd) periodic RS being not transmitted by the base station in response tothe RSRP value differences (e.g., the RSRP value of the one RS minus thefirst RSRP value) being equal to or greater than the RSRP thresholdvalue. The wireless device may determine the one RS, from the three (2nd) aperiodic RSs, with a successful LBT procedure for transmission ofthe one RS of the three (2 nd) aperiodic RSs in response to the RSRPvalue differences (e.g., the RSRP value of the one RS minus the firstRSRP value) being equal to or greater than the RSRP threshold value. Inan example, the time window may comprise multiple periodicities of theplurality of periodic BFD RS s and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs.The wireless device may determine contiguous LBT failures during thetime window in response to the RSRP value differences (e.g., the RSRPvalue of each RS of one or more aperiodic RSs associated with theperiodic RS minus the first RSRP value of the periodic RS (the first (1st) periodic RS or the second (2 nd) periodic RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs)), within thetime window, being less than the RSRP threshold value. In an example,the wireless device may trigger a beam failure recovery procedure inresponse to determining the contiguous LBT failures for transmissions ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs during the time window. In an example,the wireless device may trigger (or may perform) a contention basedrandom access procedure in response to determining the contiguous LBTfailures for transmissions of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs duringthe time window.

FIG. 23 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure. A wireless device may receive, from a basestation, one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters(e.g., at time T1). The configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic BFD RSs. The configuration parameters may indicatea plurality of periodic CBS RSs. The configuration parameters mayindicate a plurality of periodic BFD RSs. The configuration parametersmay indicate an association between each of the plurality of periodicBFD RSs and/or plurality of periodic CBS RSs and one or more aperiodicRSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 , FIG. 20 , FIG. 21 , FIG. 22A,and/or FIG. 22B). The configuration parameters may indicate a timewindow (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 ) or a frequencyrange (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 21 ). The one or more aperiodic RSsmay be within the time window (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 and FIG.20 ) or within the frequency range (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 21 ).In an example, the wireless device may receive the plurality of periodicBFD RSs and/or plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., at time T2 andtransmission of the base station side being without LBT failure). In anexample, the wireless device may not receive the one or more RSs of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or plurality of periodic CBS RSs inresponse to LBT failures for transmissions of the one or more RSs. Thewireless device may determine a LBT failure for transmission an RS ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or plurality of periodic CBS RSs(e.g., during a period from T2 to T3 and as illustrated in FIG. 22B).

The wireless device may determine a beam failure (or a beam failureinstance) based on the one or more aperiodic RSs associated with the RSof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs (e.g., during a period from T3 toT4 and as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). The wireless device may determine acandidate beam (or a candidate RS) based on the one or more aperiodicRSs associated with the RS of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g.,during a period from T3 to T4). The candidate beam (or the candidate RS)may be the one of the one or more aperiodic RSs associated with the RSof the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. The wireless device may transmit aBFRQ signal to the base station (e.g., at time T4 and as illustrated inFIG. 17 ). The BFRQ may indicate the one of the one or more aperiodicRSs. The wireless device may receive a response of the BFRQ signal fromthe base station (e.g., at time T5 and as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). Theresponse of the BFRQ may be a random access response (RAR). In anexample, the wireless device may determine contiguous LBT failuresduring the time window as illustrated in FIG. 22B (e.g., receivedownlink control information indicating LBT failure or determinecontiguous LBT failures based on measurements of RSRP values of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or plurality of periodic CBS RSs asillustrated in FIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B). The wireless device mayindicate beam failure instance from physical layer of the wirelessdevice to MAC entity of the wireless device in response to thecontiguous LBT failures for transmission of a periodic RS of theplurality of periodic BFD RSs (e.g., during the time window or withinthe frequency range and as described in FIG. 22B). In an example, thewireless device may trigger contention based random access procedure(e.g., transmitting preamble based on the contention based random accessprocedure) in response to the contiguous LBT failures for transmissionof one or more periodic RSs of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g.,during the time window and as described in FIG. 22B).

FIG. 24 illustrates a beam failure detection diagram with listen beforetalk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the presentdisclosure. A wireless device may receive one or more RRC messagescomprising configuration parameters (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 23 ).The configuration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic BFDRSs. The configuration parameters may indicate one or more aperiodic BFDRSs. The configuration parameters may indicate a quasi collocation (QCL)association between the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and the one ormore aperiodic BFD RSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 20 and/or FIG. 21). The wireless device may measure channel quality of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs. For example, the channel quality may comprise RSRPvalues of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs (e.g., as illustrated inFIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B). In an example, the wireless device maydetermine a LBT failure for transmission of an RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs based on the channel quality (e.g., as illustrated inFIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B). In an example, the wireless device maydetermine the LBT failure for transmission of the RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs in response to a downlink control informationindicating the LBT failure. The wireless device may determine at leastone aperiodic BFD RS from the one or more aperiodic BFD RSs based on theQCL association and/or the RS associated with the at least one aperiodicBFD RS. The wireless device may determine the at least one aperiodic BFDRS from the one or more aperiodic BFD RSs based on measurements of RSRPvalues of the one or more aperiodic BFD RSs and the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B).

The wireless device may indicate beam failure instance to high layerbased on the at least on aperiodic BFD RS. For example, the wirelessdevice may perform a measurement of an RSRP value of the at least oneaperiodic BFD RS. The wireless device may indicate the beam failureinstance from physical layer of the wireless device to MAC layer of thewireless device in response to the RSRP value being less than beamfailure detection threshold (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). The highlayer may comprise medium access control (MAC) layer of the wirelessdevice. In an example, the wireless device may determine a successfulLBT procedure for transmission of the RS of the plurality of periodicBFD RSs based on the channel quality (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 22Aand/or FIG. 22B). The wireless device may indicate beam failure instancefrom physical layer to MAC layer of the wireless device based on the RSof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs in response to the successful LBTprocedure. The wireless device may indicate beam failure instance (e.g.,from physical layer to MAC layer of the wireless device) based on anaperiodic RS associated with the RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsin response to the LBT failure for transmission of the RS. The wirelessdevice may indicate beam failure instance (e.g., from physical layer toMAC layer of the wireless device) based on the RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs in response to the successful LBT procedure fortransmission of the RS. The wireless device may perform beam failuredetection procedure based on the beam failure instances (e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 17 ).

FIG. 25 illustrates a beam failure recovery diagram with listen beforetalk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the presentdisclosure. A wireless device may receive one or more RRC messagescomprising configuration parameters (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 23).The configuration parameters may indicate a plurality of periodic CBSRSs. The configuration parameters may indicate one or more aperiodic CBSRSs. The configuration parameters may indicate a quasi collocation (QCL)association between the plurality of periodic CBS RSs and the one ormore aperiodic CBS RSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 20 and/or FIG. 21). The wireless device may measure channel quality of the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs. For example, the channel quality may comprise RSRPvalues of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., as illustrated inFIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B). In an example, the wireless device maydetermine a LBT failure for transmission of an RS of the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs based on the channel quality (e.g., as illustrated inFIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B). In an example, the wireless device maydetermine the LBT failure for transmission of the RS of the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs in response to a downlink control informationindicating the LBT failure. The wireless device may determine at leastone aperiodic CBS RS from the one or more aperiodic CBS RSs based on theQCL association and/or the RS associated with the at least one aperiodicCBS RS. The wireless device may determine the at least one aperiodic CBSRS from the one or more aperiodic CBS RSs based on measurements of RSRPvalues of the one or more aperiodic CBS RSs and the plurality ofperiodic CBS RSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 22A and/or FIG. 22B).

The wireless device may indicate the at least one aperiodic CBS RS fromthe physical layer to MAC layer of the wireless device in response tothe LBT failure for transmission of the RS of the plurality of periodicCBS RSs. In an example, the wireless device may determine a successfulLBT procedure for transmission of the RS of the plurality of periodicCBS RSs based on the channel quality (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 22Aand/or FIG. 22B). The wireless device may indicate the RS (or at leastthe RS) of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs from physical layer to MAClayer in response to the successful LBT procedure for transmission of atleast the RS of the plurality of periodic CBS RSs. The wireless devicemay perform beam failure recovery procedure based on at least the RS(e.g., in response to the successful LBT procedure) or the at least oneaperiodic CBS RS (e.g., in response to the LBT failure) (e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 17 ).

FIG. 26 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure. A wireless device may receive, from a basestation, one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters(e.g., at time T1). The configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic BFD RSs. The configuration parameters may indicatea plurality of periodic CBS RSs. In an example, the wireless device mayreceive one or more first RSs of the plurality of periodic BFD RSsand/or the plurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., in response tosuccessful LBT procedures for transmission of the one or more first RSsand at time T2). In an example, the wireless device may not receive oneor more second RSs of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or theplurality of periodic CBS RSs (e.g., in response to LBT failures fortransmission of the one or more second RSs and at time T2). The wirelessdevice may receive a group common (GC) PDCCH comprising a downlinkcontrol information (e.g., at time T3). The downlink control informationmay indicate a COT duration. The downlink control information mayindicate (or trigger) one or more aperiodic RSs. In an example, each ofthe one or more second RSs may be associated with the one or moreaperiodic RSs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 and/or FIG. 21 ). In anexample, multiple RSs of the one or more second RSs may be associatedwith the one or more aperiodic RSs. The association between the each ofthe one or more second RSs and the one or more aperiodic RSs may be aquasi collocation association (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 20 and/orFIG. 21 ). The association between the multiple RSs of the one or moresecond RSs and the one or more aperiodic RSs may be the quasicollocation association (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 20 and/or FIG. 21). The downlink control information may indicate the quasi collocationassociation between the one or more second RSs and the one or moreaperiodic RS s. The wireless device may determine beam failure and/orcandidate beam based on the one or more aperiodic RSs (e.g., during aperiod from T3 to T4). The wireless deice may transmit a BFRQ signalbased on the one or more aperiodic RSs (e.g., at time T4 and asillustrated in FIG. 17 ). The wireless device my receive a response(e.g., random access response) of the BFRQ signal from the base station(e.g., at time T5).

FIG. 27 illustrates a beam failure detection and recovery procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure. A wireless device may transmit capabilityparameters of the wireless device to a base station (e.g., at time T1).The capability parameters may indicate a first RS association mode(e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 19 or FIG. 20 ), and/or a second RSassociation mode (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 21 ). The wireless devicemay receive, from the base station, one or more RRC messages comprisingconfiguration parameters (e.g., at time T2). The configurationparameters may indicate one of the first RS association mode and thesecond RS association mode. The wireless device may receive one or morefirst RSs of a plurality of BFD RSs and/or a plurality of CBS RSs fromthe base station (e.g., at time T3 and in response to successful LBTprocedures for transmissions of the one or more first RSs). The wirelessdevice may not receive one or more second RSs of a plurality of BFD RSsand/or a plurality of CBS RSs from the base station (e.g., at time T3and in response to LBT failures for transmissions of the one or moresecond RSs). The wireless device may determine beam failure and/orcandidate beams (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 24 and/or FIG. 25 ) basedon an RS association mode (e.g., the first RS association mode or thesecond RS association mode) indicated by the one or more RRC messages(or indicated by the configuration parameters) (e.g., during a periodfrom T3 to T4). The wireless device may transmit a BFRQ signal based onone or more aperiodic RSs associated with the one or more second RSs(e.g., at time T4). The wireless device may receive a response (e.g., arandom access response) of the BFRQ signal from the base station (e.g.,at time T5).

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram of a beam failure detection procedure withlisten before talk (LBT) as per an aspect of an example embodiment ofthe present disclosure. A wireless device may receive, from a basestation, one or more configuration parameters of a beam failuredetection (BFD) procedure. The one or more configuration parameters mayindicate a plurality of periodic BFD reference signals (RSs). The one ormore configuration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFDRSs. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate anassociation, between the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and the pluralityof aperiodic BFD RSs, indicating that each of the plurality of periodicBFD RSs is quasi collocated with respective one or more of the pluralityof aperiodic BFD RSs. The wireless device may determine that at leastone periodic BFD RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is not receiveddue to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wirelessdevice may determine at least one aperiodic BFD RS from the plurality ofaperiodic BFD RSs based on the association and/or the at least oneperiodic BFD RS not being received. The wireless device may perform theBFD procedure based on the at least one aperiodic BFD RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure detection (BFD)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic BFD reference signals (RS s). The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs.The one or more configuration parameters may indicate an association,between the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and the plurality of aperiodicBFD RSs, indicating that each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs isquasi collocated with respective one or more of the plurality ofaperiodic BFD RSs. The wireless device may determine that at least oneperiodic BFD RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is not received dueto a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wirelessdevice may determine at least one aperiodic BFD RS from the plurality ofaperiodic BFD RSs based on the association and the at least one periodicBFD RS not being received. The wireless device may perform the BFDprocedure based on the at least one aperiodic BFD RS.

In an example, the wireless device may indicate, based on the at leastone aperiodic BFD RS, a beam failure instance from physical layer to amedium access control entity of the wireless device. The wireless devicemay receive one or more message comprising the one or more configurationparameters. The one or more messages may comprise one or more radioresource control (RRC) messages. The one or more messages may compriseone or more medium access control control elements (MAC CEs). Theassociation may be a quasi colocation (QCL) association between each ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs and the respective one or more of theplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs. The respective one or more of theplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs may be transmitted by a base stationwithin a time window starting from the end of last symbol of the each ofthe plurality of periodic BFD RSs. The configuration parameters mayindicate the time window. The time window may comprise one or more OFDMsymbols. The time window may comprise one or more slots. The time windowmay comprise one or more subframes. The respective one or more of theaperiodic BFD RSs may be transmitted by a base station within afrequency range starting from the end of last resource block of the eachof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs. The configuration parameters mayindicate the frequency range. The frequency range may comprise one ormore resource blocks.

The frequency range may comprise one or more sub-bands (e.g., LBTsub-bands). The frequency range may comprise one or more bandwidthparts. The wireless device may perform measurements of channel qualityof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs and/or the plurality of aperiodicBFD RSs. The determining that at least one periodic BFD RS is notreceived due to the failure of the LBT procedure may comprisedetermining that at least one periodic BFD RS is not received due to thefailure of the LBT procedure based on the measurements of the channelquality. The measurements of the channel quality may comprise referencesignal received power (RSRP) values of the periodic BFD RSs and theaperiodic BFD RSs. The determining that at least one periodic BFD RS isnot received due to the failure of the LBT procedure may comprisedetermining that at least one periodic BFD RS is not received due to thefailure of the LBT procedure based on an indication of downlink controlinformation. The downlink control information may indicate the failureof the LBT procedure (e.g., in base station side). The downlink controlinformation may be a group common downlink control information. Thedownlink control information may be received by the wireless device viaa group common physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). The groupcommon downlink control information (or the group common PDCCH) mayindicate a duration of a channel occupancy time (COT).

The each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is quasi collocated withthe respective one or more of the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs maycomprise that the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs istransmitted by the base station with a same downlink transmit beam (or asame spatial filter) as used for a transmission of the respective one ormore of the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs by the base station. The eachof the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is quasi collocated with therespective one or more of the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs maycomprise that the each of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is receivedby the wireless device with a same downlink reception beam (or a samespatial filter) as used for a reception of the respective one or more ofthe plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs by the wireless device. A basestation may transmit at least one of the respective one or more of theplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs in response to the each of the pluralityof periodic BFD RSs being not transmitted by the base station due to afailure of a LBT procedure. The determining the at least one aperiodicBFD RS from the aperiodic BFD RSs may comprise determining the at leastone aperiodic BFD RS without LBT failure (e.g., in the base stationside). The performing the BFD procedure based on the at least oneaperiodic BFD RS may comprise indicating a beam failure instance fromphysical layer of the wireless device to medium access control layer ofthe wireless device based on the at least one aperiodic BFD RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure recovery (BFR)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic reference signals (RS s) for candidate beamselection. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs for candidate beam selection. The one ormore configuration parameters may indicate an association, between theplurality of periodic RS s and the plurality of aperiodic RSs,indicating that each of the plurality of periodic RSs is quasicollocated with respective one or more of the plurality of aperiodicRSs. The wireless device may determine that at least one periodic RS ofthe plurality of periodic RSs is not received due to a failure of alisten before talk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device may determine atleast one aperiodic RS from the plurality of aperiodic RSs based on theassociation and the at least one periodic RS not being received. Thewireless device may perform the BFR procedure based on the at least oneaperiodic RS.

In an example, a wireless device may, from a base station, receive oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure detection (BFD)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic BFD reference signals (RS s). The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs.The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a time window forbeam failure detection. The wireless device may determine that at leastone periodic BFD RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is not receiveddue to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wirelessdevice may determine, based on the at least one periodic BFD RS notbeing received, at least one aperiodic BFD RS from one or more aperiodicBFD RSs, of the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs, within the time windowbeginning from the end of last symbol of the at least one periodic BFDRS. The wireless device may perform the BFD procedure based on the atleast one aperiodic BFD RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure recovery (BFR)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic reference signals (RS s) for candidate beamselection. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs for candidate beam selection. The one ormore configuration parameters may indicate a time window for candidatebeam selection. The wireless device may determine that at least oneperiodic RS of the plurality of periodic RSs is not received due to afailure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device maydetermine, based on the at least one periodic RS not being received, atleast one aperiodic RS from one or more aperiodic RSs, of the pluralityof aperiodic RSs, within the time window beginning from the end of lastsymbol of the at least one periodic RS. The wireless device may performthe BFR procedure based on the at least one aperiodic RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure detection (BFD)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic BFD reference signals (RS s). The one or moreconfiguration parameters may indicate a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs.The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a frequency rangefor beam failure detection. The wireless device may determine that atleast one periodic BFD RS of the plurality of periodic BFD RSs is notreceived due to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. Thewireless device may determine, based on the at least one periodic BFD RSnot being received, at least one aperiodic BFD RS from one or moreaperiodic BFD RSs, of the plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs, within thefrequency range beginning from the end of last resource block of the atleast one periodic BFD RS. The wireless device may perform the BFDprocedure based on the at least one aperiodic BFD RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure recovery (BFR)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic reference signals (RS s) for candidate beamselection. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of aperiodic BFD RSs for candidate beam selection. The one ormore configuration parameters may indicate a frequency range forcandidate beam selection. The wireless device may determine that atleast one periodic RS of the plurality of periodic RSs is not receiveddue to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure. The wirelessdevice may determine, based on the at least one periodic RS not beingreceived, at least one aperiodic RS from one or more aperiodic RSs, ofthe plurality of aperiodic RSs, within the frequency range beginningfrom the end of last resource block of the at least one periodic RS. Thewireless device may perform the BFR procedure based on the at least oneaperiodic RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more configuration parameters of a beam failure detection (BFD)procedure. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate aplurality of periodic BFD reference signals (RS s). The wireless devicemay determine that at least one periodic BFD RS of the plurality ofperiodic BFD RSs is not received due to a failure of a listen beforetalk (LBT) procedure. The wireless device may receive a downlink controlinformation indicating a channel occupancy time (COT) duration and atleast one aperiodic BFD RS. The wireless device may perform the BFDprocedure based on the at least one aperiodic BFD RS in response to theat least one periodic BFD RS not being received.

In an example, a wireless device may transmit, to a base station, one ormore capability parameters of the wireless device. The one or morecapability parameters may indicate at least one of a first referencesignal (RS) association mode and a second RS association mode. Thewireless device may receive, from the base station, one or more messagescomprising configuration parameters of a beam failure detection (BFD)and recovery procedure. The configuration parameters may indicate one ofthe first RS association mode and the second RS association mode. Thewireless device may receive first RSs for beam failure detection andsecond RSs for candidate beam selection. The wireless device may performone or more of: a beam failure detection procedure based on the firstRSs and the one of the first RS association mode and the second RSassociation mode; or a candidate beam selection procedure based on thesecond RSs and the one of the first RS association mode and the secondRS association mode.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: determining, by a wirelessdevice, a periodic beam failure detection (BFD) reference signal (RS) isnot received due to a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure;and transmitting, in response to the determining, a message for a BFDprocedure based on receiving an aperiodic BFD RS quasi collocated withthe periodic BFD RS.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingreceiving one or more configuration parameters, of the BFD procedure,indicating: the periodic BFD RS; and the aperiodic BFD RS being quasicollocated with the periodic BFD RS.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising receiving, from a base station, the aperiodic BFD RS within atime window starting from an end of a last symbol of the periodic BFDRS.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from a basestation, the aperiodic BFD RS within a frequency range starting from anend of a last resource block of the periodic BFD RS.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the determining the periodic BFD RS is not received dueto the failure of the LBT procedure is based on measurements of channelquality of the periodic BFD RS and the aperiodic BFD RS.
 6. The methodof claim 1, wherein the determining the periodic BFD RS is not receiveddue to the failure of the LBT procedure is based on an indication fromdownlink control information.
 7. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising receiving, from a base station, the aperiodic BFD RS inresponse to the determining the periodic BFD RS is not received due tothe failure of the LBT procedure.
 8. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising determining the aperiodic BFD RS, from a plurality ofaperiodic BFD RSs, is associated with the periodic BFD RS.
 9. The methodof claim 1, further comprising indicating a beam failure instance, froma physical layer of the wireless device to medium access control layerof the wireless device, based on the aperiodic BFD RS.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the message comprises a beam failure recovery request.11. A wireless device comprising: one or more processors; and memorystoring instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors,cause the wireless device to: determine a periodic beam failuredetection (BFD) reference signal (RS) is not received due to a failureof a listen before talk (LBT) procedure; and transmit, in response tothe periodic BFD RS, a message for a BFD procedure based on receiving anaperiodic BFD RS quasi collocated with the periodic BFD RS.
 12. Thewireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed bythe one or more processors, further cause the wireless device to receiveone or more configuration parameters, of the BFD procedure, indicating:the periodic BFD RS; and the aperiodic BFD RS being quasi collocatedwith the periodic BFD RS.
 13. The wireless device of claim 11, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, furthercause the wireless device to receive, from a base station, the aperiodicBFD RS within a time window starting from an end of a last symbol of theperiodic BFD RS.
 14. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further causethe wireless device to receive, from a base station, the aperiodic BFDRS within a frequency range starting from an end of a last resourceblock of the periodic BFD RS.
 15. The wireless device of claim 11,wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors,further cause the wireless device to determine the periodic BFD RS isnot received due to the failure of the LBT procedure based onmeasurements of channel quality of the periodic BFD RS and the aperiodicBFD RS.
 16. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions,when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the wirelessdevice to determine the periodic BFD RS is not received due to thefailure of the LBT procedure based on an indication from downlinkcontrol information.
 17. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further causethe wireless device to receive, from a base station, the aperiodic BFDRS in response to determining the periodic BFD RS is not received due tothe failure of the LBT procedure.
 18. The wireless device of claim 11,wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors,further cause the wireless device to determine the aperiodic BFD RS,from a plurality of aperiodic BFD RSs, is associated with the periodicBFD RS.
 19. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions,when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the wirelessdevice to indicate a beam failure instance, from a physical layer of thewireless device to medium access control layer of the wireless device,based on the aperiodic BFD RS.
 20. A non-transitory computer-readablemedium comprising instructions that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: determine a periodicbeam failure detection (BFD) reference signal (RS) is not received dueto a failure of a listen before talk (LBT) procedure; and transmit, to abase station in response to the periodic BFD RS, a message for a BFDprocedure based on receiving an aperiodic BFD RS quasi collocated withthe periodic BFD RS.